Skip to content
Worldautosteel
Member extranet Contact
Worldautosteel
  • About Us
    • About Us Overview
    • About Us Overview
    • Our Members
    • Team
    • Timeline
  • Why Steel
    • Why Steel Overview
    • Why Steel Overview
    • Sustainability
    • Lightweight Design
    • Manufacturability
    • Cost
  • AHSS Application Guidelines
    • AHSS Application Guidelines Overview
    • Rationale
      • Rationale Overview
      • ULSAB/Early Steel Consortia
      • FutureSteelVehicle
      • Steel E-Motive
      • Emissions/Life Cycle Assessment
      • Performance Advantages
      • Current Vehicle Examples
    • Metallurgy
      • Metallurgy Overview
      • Defining Steels
      • Steel Grades
        • Steel Grades Overview
        • Case Studies in Alloy Selection
        • Grade Development Success Stories
      • Coatings
        • Coatings Overview
        • Coatings for PHS
        • Coating Friction
        • Galvanizability of AHSS
      • Microstructural Components
    • Forming
      • Forming Overview
      • Forming and Formability of AHSS
      • Forming Strategies and Solutions
      • Mechanical Properties
        • Mechanical Properties Overview
        • Elastic Modulus
        • Yield Strength
        • Tensile Strength
        • Total Elongation
        • Uniform Elongation
        • N-Value
        • R-Value
        • M-Value
      • Testing & Characterization
        • Testing & Characterization Overview
        • Tensile Testing
        • Hole Expansion Testing
          • Hole Expansion Testing Overview
          • Improvement by Metallurgical Approaches
          • Edge Stretching Tests
        • Fracture Toughness Characterization using the Essential Work of Fracture Method
        • Bend Testing
        • Bulge and Dome Testing
        • Friction and Friction Testing
        • High Strain Rate Testing
        • Delayed Cracking (Hydrogen Embrittlement)
        • Camera Considerations for Evaluations Using Digital Image Correlation
      • Formability
        • Formability Overview
        • Forming Modes
          • Forming Modes Overview
          • Stretching
          • Bending
          • Drawing
        • Forming Limit Curves (FLC)
          • Forming Limit Curves (FLC) Overview
          • Circle Grid Strain Analysis (CGSA)
          • Non-Linear Strain Paths (Stress-Based FLCs)
        • Engineering Stress-Strain vs. True Stress-Strain
        • Global vs Local Formability
        • Necking
        • True Fracture Strain
        • Shear Fracture
        • Formability Evaluations of Advanced High Strength Steels
      • Springback
        • Springback Overview
        • Correcting Springback
      • Cutting, Blanking, Shearing & Trimming
        • Cutting, Blanking, Shearing & Trimming Overview
        • Laser Blanking
        • Shear Affected Zone
      • Tooling and Die Wear
        • Tooling and Die Wear Overview
        • Lubrication
      • Coil Processing: Straightening and Leveling
      • Press Hardened Steels Primer
        • Press Hardened Steels Primer Overview
        • PHS Production Methods
        • PHS Simulation
        • Press Hardening Steel Grades
        • PHS Automotive Applications and Usage
      • Considerations When Deciding Whether to Cold Form or Hot Form
      • Tailored Products
        • Tailored Products Overview
        • PHS Tailored Products
      • Tube Forming
      • Hydroforming
      • Roll Forming
      • Simulation Overview
        • Simulation Overview Overview
        • Simulation Inputs
      • Structural Performance
        • Structural Performance Overview
        • Crash Management
        • Fatigue
      • Press Requirements
        • Press Requirements Overview
        • Press Tonnage Predictions
      • Quality Control
      • Industry 4.0 and AHSS Applications
      • Additive Manufacturing for Sheet Metal Forming Tools
    • Joining
      • Joining Overview
      • Resistance Spot Welding
        • Resistance Spot Welding Overview
        • Resistance Spot Welding
          • Resistance Spot Welding Overview
          • RSW of Advanced High-Strength Steels
          • RSW Parameter Guidelines
          • AHSS and Electrode Geometry
          • Coating Effects
          • Manufacturing Issues
          • RSW of Dissimilar Steel
          • Higher than Expected Strengths
          • Resistance Spot Welding: 3T and 4T Dissimilar Steel Stack-ups for Automotive Applications
          • Paint Baking Strength Increase
        • RSW Masterclass
          • RSW Masterclass Overview
          • Spot Weld Strength Improvement by PWHT
          • Post-Heat Conduction CTS Improvement
          • RSW of 22MnB5 at Overlaps
          • RSW of 3T Stack Up
          • RSW of 4T Stack Up
          • Resistance Spot Welding: 5T Dissimilar Steel Stack-ups for Automotive Applications
          • RSW bonding
        • RSW Joint Performance and Testing
          • RSW Joint Performance and Testing Overview
          • Weld Testing and Fracture Modes
          • Spot Welds Fatigue Strength
          • Embrittlement Phenomenon
          • Analyze Hydrogen Induced Cracking Susceptibility in Resistance Spot Welds
          • High Strain Rate Testing
        • RSW Modelling Process and Performance
          • RSW Modelling Process and Performance Overview
          • RSW Failure Prediction
          • Modelling RSW of AHSS
          • RSW of 3T Stack Up
        • Liquid Metal Embrittlement
          • Liquid Metal Embrittlement Overview
          • LME Study
          • LME Simulation during RSW
          • Four Steps to Mitigate Liquid Metal Embrittlement When Welding Steel
          • Component Scale Avoidance of LME
      • Arc Welding Processes
        • Arc Welding Processes Overview
        • Gas Metal Arc Welding
          • Gas Metal Arc Welding Overview
          • Gas Metal Arc Welding
          • Arc Welding Processes
          • Fatigue of GMAW-P Lap Joints
          • Role of Coatings in the Formation of Defects in AHSS Welds
          • HAZ Properties of GMAW DP 600
          • GMAW of Dissimilar AHSS Sheets
          • Advanced High-Strength Steel Repairability
          • Additive Manufacturing
          • Automotive Welding Process Comparisons
        • Gas Metal Arc Welding Masterclass
          • Gas Metal Arc Welding Masterclass Overview
          • MIG Brazing
          • Coating-related Defect Avoidance
      • Laser Welding
        • Laser Welding Overview
        • Laser Welding Basics
          • Laser Welding Basics Overview
          • Laser Welding Processes and Applications
          • Improving Joint Performance – UNKNOWN
          • Automotive Welding Process Comparisons
        • Laser Welding Masterclass
          • Laser Welding Masterclass Overview
          • Effect GA-Coating Evolution PHS
          • Effect of GA Coating Weight on PHS
          • Hot cracking investigation in HSS laser welding with multi-scale modelling approach
          • Life Cycle Assessment of Welding Methods for EV Battery Enclosures | Environmental Impact Comparison
      • Other Automotive Joining Processes
        • Other Automotive Joining Processes Overview
        • Adhesive and Mechanical Joining
          • Adhesive and Mechanical Joining Overview
          • Mechanical Joining
        • Projection Welding
          • Projection Welding Overview
          • HS Boron Methodologies
        • Friction Welding Processes
          • Friction Welding Processes Overview
          • FSSW Method for Joining Ultra-Thin Steel Sheet
        • Magnetic Pulse Welding
        • High Frequency Tube/Pipe Welding
          • High Frequency Tube/Pipe Welding Overview
          • HF Welding Parameters and Procedures
        • Solid State Welding
      • Joining Dissimilar Materials
        • Joining Dissimilar Materials Overview
        • Key Issues: RSW Steel and Aluminium Joints
        • Direct RSW of Aluminium to Steel
          • Direct RSW of Aluminium to Steel Overview
          • Aluminium/Steel Using Cover Plates
          • REM of Aluminium/Steel
          • Ultrasonic Assisted RSW
          • Capacitive Discharge Welding
          • Aluminium/Steel Using Interlayer
          • Process, Microstructure and Fracture Mode of Thick Stack-Ups of Aluminum Alloy to AHSS Dissimilar Spot Joints
        • Solid State Welding of Steel to Aluminum
        • Microstructural Evolution and Effect on Joint Strength in Laser Welding of DP to Aluminium
    • Resources
      • AHSS Insights
      • Sub link with drop down
        • Drop down Link
  • Resources
    • Resources Overview
    • Resources Overview
    • Flagship Programmes
    • Technical Publications
    • Tools
    • steeluniversity
  • Media
    • Media Overview
    • Media Overview
    • Press Releases
    • Assets
    • Articles
    • Webinars
  1. Home
  2. Citations
  3. L-7

L-7

Citation:

L-7. W. Li, E. Feng, D. Cerjanec, and G. A. Grzadzinski, “ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN AC AND MFDC RESISTANCE SPOT WELDING,” paper presented at the XI Sheet Metal Welding Conference, American Welding Society, Detroit Chapter, May 11-14, 2004.

All citations

WorldAutoSteel is the opt-in program of the World Steel Association (worldsteel). It brings together the world’s leading steelmakers to advance innovative solutions for next‑generation mobility.

WorldAutoSteel Update

Sign up to receive our
newsletters:

Sign up

Manage your current subscriptions
Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Instagram

The World Steel Association (worldsteel) is one of the largest and most dynamic industry associations in the world, with members in every major steel-producing country. worldsteel represents steel producers, national and regional steel industry associations, and steel research institutes. Members represent around 85% of global steel production.

worldsteel news

Sign up to receive our
press releases and newsletters:

Sign up

Manage your current subscriptions
Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Instagram YouTube Flickr RSS

constructsteel is the steel construction opt-in programme
of the World Steel Association (worldsteel).

constructsteel news

Sign up to receive our
newsletters:

Sign up

Manage your current subscriptions
Facebook Twitter LinkedIn YouTube Instagram Flickr RSS

steeluniversity is the learning and training opt-in programme
of the World Steel Association (worldsteel).

steeluniversity news

Sign up to receive our
newsletters:

Sign up

Manage your current subscriptions
Facebook Twitter LinkedIn YouTube Flickr RSS

worldstainless is the stainless steel opt-in programme of the World Steel Association (worldsteel). Its primary roles are to undertake stainless steel industry beneficial tasks that are better coordinated centrally in the fields of market development, sustainability, safety, health, data and education.

worldstainless news

Sign up to receive our
newsletters:

Sign up

Manage your current subscriptions
Facebook Twitter LinkedIn YouTube Instagram
Previous Next
world steel association

World Steel Association AISBL
Registered office:
Avenue de Tervueren 270 – 1150 Brussels – Belgium
T: +32 2 702 89 00 – E: steel@worldsteel.org

Beijing office
Room 3F, 3rd floor, Building 1, Air China Century Plaza
40 Xiaoyun Road, Chaoyang, Beijing, 100027 – China
E: china@worldsteel.org

© 2026 worldsteel | Terms of use | Privacy policy | Cookie policy | Sales policy | Sitemap | VAT Number BE 0406.597.373
worldautosteel.org | worldsteel.org | constructsteel.org | steeluniversity.org | worldstainless.org