Citations Archive - Worldautosteel

A

A-1 Citation: A-1. E. O. Arman and T. Hebesberger, “Development of a TBF980 MPa class steel to meet challenges of weight reduction & stampability,” Presented at Materials in Car Body Engineering 2017, Bad Nauheim, Germany, May 17, 2017.
A-2 Citations: A-2. Auto/Steel Partnership, High Strength Steel (HSS) Stamping Design Manual, (2000).
A-3 Citation: A-3. High Strength Steel (HSS) Stamping Design Manual, Auto/Steel Partnership (1997). This Manual is not available online. However, you may wish to refer to A-2, which is the 2000 update of this publication.
A-4 Citations: A-4. Courtesy of M. Munier, ArcelorMittal.
A-5 Citation: A-5. Auto/Steel Partnership, “Automotive Design Guidelines for Steel Stampings: Design for Manufacturability,” Program, Report AZ002 003, January 1993.
A-6 Citation: A-6. Courtesy of Auto/Steel Partnership
A-7 Citation: A-7. F. Abu-Farha, “Destroying Materials is Critical to Saving Lives,” Quality Magazine, August 3, 2020; available online at https://digital.bnpmedia.com/publication/frame.php?i=667970&p=&pn=&ver=html5&view=articleBrowser&article_id=3726461.
A-8 Citation: A-8. ArcelorMittal, "Laser Welded Blanks,” Online, https://automotive.arcelormittal.com/tailored_blanks_home/LWB_home/laser_welded_blanks, retrieved 12 May 2021.
A-9 Citation: A-9. AIDA Press Product Catalogue, 2018.
A-10 Citation: A-10. Courtesy of Dr. T. Altan, Professor Emeritus, Ohio State University.
A-11 Citation: A-11. American Welding Society, “Welding Handbook – Welding Processes, Part 2”, 2007.
A-12 Citation: A-12. Courtesy of Auto/Steel Partnership and AET Integration.
A-13 Citation: A-13. American Welding Society, AWS D8.1, “Specification for Automotive Weld Quality – Resistance Spot Welding of Steels,” 2013.
A-14 Citation: A-14. American Welding Society, AWS C1.1, “Recommended Practices for Resistance Welding,” 2019.
A-15 Citation: A-15. ASM International, “Welding, Brazing and Soldering,” The Materials Information Society (2008).
A-16 Citation: A-16. Courtesy of ArcelorMittal
A-17 Citation: A-17. ArcelorMittal, "S-in Motion," Presented at EuroCarBody 2010, October 18-20, Bad Nauheim, Germany, 2010.
A-18 Citation: A-18. America Welding Society, AWS D8.6:2005, "Specification for Automotive Resistance Spot Welding Electrodes", Table 2, Page 4, 2005.
A-19 Citation: A-19. M. A. Ahmad and A. Zakaria, "Optimization of Spot-Welds on Patchwork Blank for Hot Forming Process," Materials, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering Research Advances 1.2, Proceedings of the 1st International Materials, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering Conference (MIMEC2013), December 4-6, 2013, Johor Bahru, Malaysia, ISBN 9783038265665, 2014.
A-20 Citation: A-20. Auto/Steel Partnership, “Tailor Welded Blank Checklists,” January 1998, published by the Tailor Welded Blank Checklist Group of the Tailor Welded Blank Project team, www.A-SP.org.
A-21 Citation: A-21. M. R. Arghavani, M. Movahedi, and A. H. Kokabi, “Role of zinc layer in resistance spot welding of aluminium to steel,” Mater. Des., vol. 102, pp. 106–114, Jul. 2016, doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2016.04.033
A-22 Citation: A-22. ASTM International (ASTM), "ASTM A1088, Standard Specification for Steel, Sheet, Cold-Rolled, Complex Phase (CP), Dual Phase (DP) and Transformation Induced Plasticity (TRIP)".
A-23 Citation: A-23. ASTM International (ASTM), ASTM A980M, ”Standard Specification for Steel, Sheet, Carbon, Ultra High Strength Cold Rolled.”
A-24 Citation: A-24. ASTM International (ASTM), ASTM E8, “Standard Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Materials,”
A-25 Citation: A-25. ASTM International (ASTM), ASTM A1008/A1008M, Standard Specification for Steel, Sheet, Cold-Rolled, Carbon, Structural, High-Strength Low-Alloy, High-Strength Low-Alloy with Improved Formability, Solution Hardened, and Bake Hardenable
A-26 Citation: A-26. ASTM International (ASTM), ASTM E 290, Standard Test Methods for Bend Testing of Material for Ductility.
A-27 Citation: A-27. G. Avramovic-Cingara, C.A.R. Saleh, M.K Jain, and D. Wilkinson, “Void Nucleation and Growth in Dual-Phase Steel 600 during Uniaxial Tensile Testing,” Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 2009, Vol 40. 3117, doi.org/10.1007/s11661-009-0030-z.
A-28 Citation: A-28. E.E. Aşık, E.S. Perdahcıoğlu, and A.H. van den Boogaard, “Microscopic investigation of damage mechanisms and anisotropic evolution of damage in DP600,” Materials Science and Engineering: A, Vol. 739, 2 January 2019, p. 348, doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2018.10.018.
A-29 Citation: A-29. S. Scheib, P. Satkulvanich, and T. Altan, “Examining edge cracking in hole flanging of AHSS Part II: Modeling of blanking,” Stamping Journal, September 2008.
A-30 Citation: A-30. ASTM International (ASTM), ASTM A1030/A1030M, “Standard Practice for Measuring Flatness Characteristics of Steel Sheet Products”.
A-31 Citation: A-31. ArcelorMittal, ArcelorMittal Tailored Blanks catalogue
A-32 Citations: A-32. American Iron and Steel Institute, “Steel Bumper Systems for Passenger Cars and Light Trucks,” Seventh Edition, June 2020.
A-33 Citation: A-33. Auto/Steel Partnership, “Steel Bumper Systems for Passenger Cars and Light Trucks,” Sixth Edition, January 2019.
A-34 Citation: A-34. Y. Abe, K. Mori, T. Kato, "Joining of high strength steel and aluminium alloy sheets by mechanical clinching with dies for control of metal flow," Journal of Materials Processing. Technology, 2012. doi:10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2011.11.015.
A-35 Citation: A-35. Courtesy of ArcelorMittal Tubular Business Unit. tubular.arcelormittal.com/business_units/67/language/EN
A-36 Citation: A-36. P. Alm, SSAB Webinar, “Advanced forming technology for AHSS material - Tubular Hydroforming,” Presented 22 May 2019
A-37 Citation: A-37. ASTM International (ASTM), ASTM A681, "Standard Specification for Tool Steels Alloy."
A-38 Citation: A-38. ASTM International (ASTM), ASTM A600, "Specification for Tool Steel High Speed".
A-39 Citation: A-39. ASM International (ASM), ASM Handbook, "Volume 4A: Steel Heat Treating Fundamentals and Processes", Editor: Jon Dossett and George E. Totten, 2013, ISBN: 978-1-62708-011-8.
A-40 Citation: A-40. Auto/Steel Partnership,Body Systems Analysis Team, “Automotive Sheet Steel Stamping Process Variation,” July 1999.
A-41 Citation: A-41. Auto/Steel Partnership, Advanced High-Strength Steel Applications Guidelines Case Study: REINF - CENTER BDY PLR, 01-23-2007
A-42 Citation: A-42. American Iron and Steel Institute, “AISI Automotive Steel Design Manual”, June 2004 with 2011 updates.
A-43 Citations: A-43. ASTM International (ASTM), ASTM E646, Standard Test Method for Tensile Strain-Hardening Exponents (n -Values) of Metallic Sheet Materials.
A-44 Citations: A-44. ASTM International (ASTM), ASTM E517, Standard Test Method for Plastic Strain Ratio r for Sheet Metal specification.
A-45 Citation: A-45. M. Abspoel, M.E. Scholting, and J.M.M. Droog, “A new method for predicting Forming Limit Curves from mechanical properties,” Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Volume 213, Issue 5, 2013, Pages 759-769, ISSN 0924-0136, doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2012.11.022;
A-46 Citation: A-46. M. Abspoel, E.H. Atzema, J.M.M. Droog and M.E. Scholting, “Setting up a consistent database of FLC’s,” Tata Steel Internal Report;
A-47 Citation: A-47. ASTM International (ASTM), "ASTM E 2218, Standard Test Method for Determining Forming Limit Curves".
A-48 Citation: A-48. “Apparatus for roll stamping,” Patent KR101417278B1 Issued to Don-Gun Kim and assigned to POSCO Co. Ltd.; Available from patents.google.com/patent/KR101417278B1/en
A-49 Citation: A-49. N. Abedrabbo, R. Mayer, A. Thompson, C. Salisbury, M. Worswick, and I. van Riemsdijk, "Crash response of advanced high-strength steel tubes: Experiment and model," International Journal of Impact Engineering, Volume 36, Issue 8, 2009, Pages 1044-1057.
A-50 Citation: A-50. ASTM International (ASTM), ASTM G40-17, "Standard Terminology Relating to Wear and Erosion".
A-51 Citation: A-51. R. Aldén, "Metallurgical investigation in weldability of Aluminium Silicon coated boron steel with different coating thickness," Bachelor Degree Thesis, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden, 2015;
A-52 Citation: A-52. J. Aspacher, "Press Hardening - 'Dead end or 'Take off'", Presented at 25th European Car Body Conference, March 13-14, Bad Nauheim, Germany, 2007.
A-53 Citation: A-53. H.L. Adams, M.T. Garvey, U.S. Ramasamy, Z. Ye, A. Martini, and W.T. Tysoe, “Shear-induced mechanochemistry: pushing molecules around,” Journal of Physical Chemistry, C 119, 7115-7123 (2015), doi.org/10.1021/jp5121146.
A-54 Citation: A-54. ASTM International (ASTM), ASTM D2881-19, "Standard Classification for Metalworking Fluids and Related Materials".
A-55 Citation: A-55. ASTM International, ASTM D2270-10, "Standard Practice for Calculating Viscosity Index from Kinematic Viscosity at 40 °C and 100 °C", 2016.
A-56 Citation: A-56. Auto/Steel Partnership, "A/SP Procedures For Testing Characteristics of Automotive Sheet Steel Lubricants", 2020.
A-57 Citation: A-57. J.M. Allwood, S.R. Duncan, J. Cao, P. Groche, G. Hirt, B. Kinsey, T. Kuboki, M. Liewald, A. Sterzing, and A.E. Tekkaya, “Closed-loop control of product properties in metal forming,” CIRP Annals, Volume 65, Issue 2, 2016, Pages 573-596, doi.org/10.1016/j.cirp.2016.06.002.
A-58 Citation: A-58. F. Alamos and H. Kim, "State-of-Art Review on Control Systems of Sheet Metal Forming" EWI Internal Research & Development Project Report, August 2019.
A-59 Citation: A-59. “Additive Manufacturing for Custom Metal Form Tooling” Stratasys Technical Application Guide, Stratasys, 2020. [Online].
A-60 Citation: A-60. ASTM International (ASTM), ASTM F2792-12a, “Standard Terminology for Additive Manufacturing Technologies”, (Withdrawn 2015).
A-61 Citation: A-61. N. Asnafi, J. Rajalampi, and D. Aspenberg, “Design and Validation of 3D-Printed Tools for Stamping of DP600,” Presented at International Deep Drawing Research Group Conference – 2019, IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 651 (2019) 012010, doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/651/1/012010;
A-62 Citation: A-62. D. G. Ahn, H.W. Kim, S.H. Park, “Manufacture of mould with a high energy efficiency using rapid manufacturing process.” AIP Conference Proceedings 1252, 185 (2010), doi.org/10.1063/1.3457549;
A-63 Citation: A-63. “Additive Manufacturing Technologies – Rapid Prototyping to Direct Digital Manufacturing,” Springer, Boston, MA, 2010, doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1120-9;
A-64 Citation: A-64. AP&T, "Great Wall Motors selects production line from AP&T," May 2015.
A-65 Citation: A-65. B. Albinski, "An intelligent material mix for future lightweight requirements," Presented at Materials in Car Body Engineering 2017, May 16–18, Bad Nauheim, Germany (2017).
A-66 Citation: A-66. J. Aspacher, "Hot Stamping Market Overview & Process Review," Presented at Schuler Hot Stamping Workshop, May 14, Dearborn, MI, USA, 2013.
A-67 Citation: A-67. Altair Engineering, "Industry First Hot Stamped Door Ring," Altair Enlighten Award Nominee, 2013,
A-68 Citation: A-68. J. An, H. Chen and D. Li, Method and Device for Preparing Corrosion-Resistant Hot Stamping Part, in Chinese, China Patent CN109821951A, 2020, patents.google.com/patent/WO2020113844A1/en?oq=CN109821951A; Available from https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/18/14/1b/3cf3b74fb06622/WO2020113844A1.pdf
A-69 Citation: A-69. Courtesy of American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI), www.steel.org
A-70 Citation: A-70. E. Arenholz, “Modern AHSS Grades: Improved formability by advanced microstructure control,” GALM 2018, Munich, Global Automotive Lightweight Materials;
A-71 Citation: A-71. E.A. Ariza-Echeverri, M. Masoumi, and A.P. Tschiptschin, “Improvement of tensile mechanical properties in a TRIP-assisted steel by controlling of crystallographic orientation via HSQ&P processes,” Materials Science and Engineering A, Volume 713, 2018, Pages 223-233, doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2017.12.046;
A-72 Citation: A-72. E.A. Ariza-Echeverri, M. Masoumi, A.S. Nishikawa, D.H. Mesa, A.E. Marquez-Rossy, and A.P. Tschiptschin, “Development of a new generation of quench and partitioning steels: Influence of processing parameters on texture, nanoindentation, and mechanical properties,” Materials & Design, Volume 186, 2020, 108329, doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2019.108329;
A-73 Citation: A-73. T. Ayabe, A. Nakashima and T. Ueda, "Subaru Impreza," Presented at EuroCarBody 2017, October 17-19, Bad Nauheim, Germany, 2017.
A-74 Citation: A-74. M. Alsmann, M. Goede, S. Kulp, M. Lalla, J. Patak and F. Russ, "Hot Forming - State of the Art and Future Reuqirements at Volkswagen," Presented at Materials in Car Body Engineering 2014, May 13-14, Bad Nauheim, Germany, 2014.
A-75 Citation: A-75. ASM International, Sheet Metal Forming: Processes and Applications, edited by T Altan and A.E. Tekkaya, 2002, ISBN: 978-1-61503-844-2.
A-76 Citation: A-76. E. Atzema, M. Borsutzki, M. Braun, S. Brockmann, M. Bulter, B. Carlsson, P. Larour, and A. Richter, “A European Round Robin Test for the Hole Expansion Test According to ISO 16630", Proc. International Conference: New Developments in Sheet Metal Forming, Fellbach, Germany, p. 171-184, 2012.
A-77 Citation A-77. Published in the April 2009 edition of Advanced Materials & Processes published by ASM International.
A-78 Citation A-78 Iron_carbon_phase_diagram.svg” by AG Caesar, licensed under CC-BY-SA-4.0
A-79 Auto/Steel Partnership (2005). “Lightweight Front End Structure Phase 1 & 2 Final Report,” Available fromhttps://a-sp.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Lightweight-Front-End-Structures.pdf
A-80 Citations A-80. Auto/Steel Partnership. (2008) “Future Generation Passenger Compartment Phase 1 Report Executive Summary,” Available from https://a-sp.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Future-Generation-Passenger-Compartment.pdf
A-80 Citations A-80. Auto/Steel Partnership. (2008) “Future Generation Passenger Compartment Phase 1 Report Executive Summary,” Available from https://a-sp.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Future-Generation-Passenger-Compartment.pdf
A-81 Citations: A-81. ASTM International (ASTM), ASTM E 399, “Standard Test Method for Linear-Elastic Plane-Strain Fracture Toughness of Metallic Materials,” ASTM International (ASTM) specification available from astm.org/Standards/E399 and other locations.
A-82 Citations: A-82. ASTM International (ASTM), ASTM E 1820, “Standard Test Method for Measurement of Fracture Toughness,” ASTM International (ASTM) specification available from astm.org/Standards/E1820 and other locations.
A-83 Citations: A-83. H. Altuncan and J. Quiles, "Toyota C-HR: Technical Presentation including Body-in-White Exhibit," Presented at EuroCarBody 2024, October 15-17, Bad Nauheim, Germany, 2024.
A-84 Citations: A-84. A2MAC1, "BIW Analysis Scope: Front Door Ring Frame, Tesla Model Y," 2023.
A-85 Citations: A-85. Aperam, MaX by Aperam - April 2020, 2020; https://www.aperam.com/sites/default/files/documents/MaXbyAperam_April2020.pdf
A-86 Citations: A-86. J. An and H. Chen, "Pressler (R) Zinc Coating Hot Stamping Technology," presented at Materials in Car Body Engineering 2020, Bad Nauheim, Germany, Sep. 2, 2020.
A-87 Citations: A-87. T. An, "Vacuum Hot Stamping Technology With Electro-Galvanizing & High-Temperature Resistant Lubricating Coating," presented at Great Designs in Steel 2025, Detroit, MI, USA, May 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.steel.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/TRACK-3_1415_TONY-AN-2-1.pdf
A-88 Citations: A-88. ASM Handbook, Volume 8: Mechanical Testing and Evaluation Online, edited by H. Kuhn and D. Medlin, 2000. Available from https://www.asminternational.org/asm-handbook-volume-8-mechanical-testing-and-evaluation-online/results/-/journal_content/56/35961404/PUBLICATION/
A-89. Citations: A-89. K. Aydin, A. Islek and I. Sariarslan, "FORD E-TRANSIT COURIER," in EuroCarBody 2024, 26th Global Car Body Benchmarking Conference, Bad Nauheim, Germany, October 16, 2024.
A-90 Citations: A-90. T. Aito, J. Nitta, K. Hamada, S. Yonemura, and T. Niwa, “Advanced Technologies for Fracture Prediction in Automotive Steel Sheets,” Nippon Steel Technical Report, No.122 (2019), pp.83-87; https://www.nipponsteel.com/en/tech/report/pdf/122-13.pdf
A-91 Citations: A-91. E. Atzema and P. Seda, “Effect of Zinc Coating and Time on Edge Ductility,” 5th International Conference of Steels in Cars and Trucks 2017, Amsterdam-Schiphol, Netherlands, June 2017.
A-92 Citations: A-92. Eisso Atzema and Petra Seda, “Sheared Edge Tensile Test Improved: SETi,” Forming Technology Forum 2015, June 29 & 30, 2015, Zurich, Switzerland; available on page 97 in https://ris.utwente.nl/ws/portalfiles/portal/302975648/FTF2015_Proceedings_Digital_2015_08_12.pdf
A-93 Citations: A-93. Eisso Atzema, Petra Seda and Nico Langerak, “SETi, Sheared Edge Tensile test improved,” IDDRG 2015 Conference, May 31-June 03, 2015, Shanghai, China, https://iddrg.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/C_91_15.pdf
A-94 Citations: A-94. M Abspoel, M E Scholting, M Lansbergen and B M Neelis, “Accurate anisotropic material modelling using only tensile tests for hot and cold forming,” 36th IDDRG Conference – Materials Modelling and Testing for Sheet Metal Forming IOP Conf. Series: Journal of Physics: Conf. Series 896 (2017) 012049; https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/896/1/012049
A-95 Citations: A-95. M. Abspoel, M.E. Scholting, M. Lansbergen, and J. Mulder, “Improved Plane Strain Prediction and Easy To Use 3D Extension For Vegter 2017 Yield Locus,” Forming Technology Forum 2022, September 2022, Enschede, The Netherlands; https://products.tatasteelnederland.com/sites/producttsn/files/tata-steel-research-plane-strain-prediction-and-3d-extension-vegter-2017-yield-locus.pdf
A-96 Citations: A-96. Michael Abspoel, Marc E. Scholting, Marcel Lansbergen, Yuguo An, and Henk Vegter, “A new method for predicting advanced yield criteria input parameters from mechanical properties,” Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Volume 248, October 2017, Pages 161-177; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2017.05.006.
A-97 Citations: A-97. Michael Abspoel, Marc E. Scholting, John M.M. Droog, “A new method for predicting Forming Limit Curves from mechanical properties,” Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Volume 213, Issue 5, May 2013, Pages 759-769; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2012.11.022.
A-98 Citations: A-98. Michael Abspoel, Bas M. Neelis, and Peter van Liempt, "Constitutive behaviour under hot stamping conditions," Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Volume 228, February 2016, Pages 34-42; https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0924013615002071

B

B-1 Citation: B-1. H. Beenken, “Joining of AHSS versus Mild Steel,” Processing State-of-the-Art Multi-phase Steel; European Automotive Supplier Conference, Berlin (September 23, 2004).
B-2 Citation: B-2. H. Beenken et al, “Verarbeitung Oberflächenveredelter Stahlfeinbleche mit Verschiedenen Fügetechniken,“ Große Schweißtechnische Tagung 2000, Nürnberg, (September 27, 2000). DVS-Berichte Bd. 209, Schweißen und Schneiden (2000).
B-3 Citation: B-3. H. Beenken, “Hochfeste Stahlwerkstoffe und ihre Weiterverarbeitung im Rohbau,“ Fügetechnologien im Automobilleichtbau, AUTOMOBIL Produktion, Stuttgart, (March 20, 2002).
B-4 Citation: B-4. Courtesy of China Baowu Group and POSCO
B-5 Citation: B-5. E. Billur, “Heating Helps Forming, Part 1: Hot Stamping of High-Strength Steels,” MetalForming Magazine, August 2020, Precision Metalforming Association.
B-6 Citation: B-6. E. Biro, L. Cretteur, T. Dupuy (ArcelorMittal Global R&D), “Higher than Expected Strengths from Dissimilar Configuration Advanced High Strength Steel Spot Welds”, presentation at AWS Sheet Metal Welding Conference XV Livonia, MI October 2-5, 2012
B-7 Citation: B-7. K. Bhanumurthy, R.K. Fotedar, D. Joyson, G.B. Kale, A.L. Pappachan, A.K. Grover, J. Krishnan, Development of tubular transition joints of aluminium/stainless steel by deformation diffusion bonding, Journal of Material Science and Technology (2006), doi:10.1179/026708306X81522.
B-8 Citation: B-8. A. Bagley, “The All New Jeep Wrangler", Presented at 2019 Great Designs in Steel, Sponsored by American Iron and Steel Institute.
B-9 Citation: B-9. T. Bloom, “Servo-Drive Presses for the Next Generation Press Shop,” presentation prepared by Schuler– Weingarten, A.G., 2008, as shown in A. Groseclose, “New applications for servo-driven presses: Part I: Stamping of automotive components,” Stamping Journal, June 2009, p. 14;
B-10 Citation: B-10. F. Barlat, J.J. Gracio, M.G. Lee, E.F. Rauch, and G. Vincze, “An alternative to kinematic hardening in classical plasticity,” International Journal of Plasticity, Volume 27, Issue 9, September 2011, Pages 1309-1327.
B-11 Citation: B-11. C. Butcher and J. Dykeman, “Fracture Characterization of Advanced 980 MPa Steels", Presented at 2017 Great Designs in Steel, Sponsored by American Iron and Steel Institute.
B-12 Citation: B-12. C. Butcher, J. Dykeman, and S. Malcolm, “An Efficient Methodology for Fracture Characterization and Prediction of DP980 Steels for Crash Application", Presented at 2018 Great Designs in Steel, Sponsored by American Iron and Steel Institute.
B-13 Citation: B-13. C. Butcher, J. Dykeman, S. Malcolm, N. Parker and J. Bowman, “Formability and Fracture Characterization Of DP980 and 3rd Gen Steels", Presented at 2019 Great Designs in Steel, Sponsored by American Iron and Steel Institute.
B-14 Citation: B-14. E. Billur, Ed., “Hot stamping of ultra high-strength steels: From a Technological and Business Perspective,” Springer, 2019, ISBN 978-3-319-98870-2.
B-15 Citation: B-15. P. Belanger, "New Zn Multistep Hot Stamping Innovation", Presented at 2017 Great Designs in Steel, Sponsored by American Iron and Steel Institute.
B-16 Citation: B-16. J. Büchner, T. Oberlander and B. Benneker, "Ford Focus," Presented at EuroCarBody 2018, October 16-18, Bad Nauheim, Germany, 2018.
B-17 Citation: B-17. A. Bagley and T. Rybicki, "Jeep Wrangler," Presented at EuroCarBody 2018, October 16-18, Bad Nauheim, Germany, 2018.
B-18 Citation: B-18. B. W. Blesi, C. Smith, D. K. Matlock and E. D. Moor, "Bake Hardening Behavior of DP, TBF, and PHS Steels with Ultimate Tensile Strengths Exceeding 1 GPa," SAE Technical Paper, 2020-01-0536, 2020;
B-19 Citation: B-19. E. Billur, "12 - Hot formed steels," in Automotive Steels: Design, Metallurgy, Processing and Applications, R. Rana and S. B. Singh, Eds., Woodhead Publishing, 2017, pp. 387-411, elsevier.com/books/automotive-steels/rana/978-0-08-100638-2;
B-20 Citation: B-20. D. Berglund, "Hot Stamping of Ultra High Strength Steels - Possibilities and Challenges," Presented at Insight Edition Conference, September 20-21, Gothenburg, Sweden, 2011.
B-21 Citation: B-21. S. Black, S. Rowlings and C. Dietrich, "Jaguar I-PACE," Presented at EuroCarBody 2018, October 16-18, Bad Nauheim, Germany, 2018.
B-22 W. Bleck and I. Schael, “Determination of crash-relevant material parameters by dynamic tensile tests”, Steel Research, vol.71, no.5, p.173-178, 2000.
B-32 Citation: B-32. D. Bhattacharya, "Development and Application of Press-Hardened Steels (PHS) and 3rdGeneration AHSS Steels in the Automotive Industry," Presented at PHS Suppliers Forum, September 19, Troy, MI, 2019.
B-33 Citation: B-33. J. Bian and H. Mohrbacher, "Novel Alloying Design for Press Hardening Steels with Better Crash Performance," Presented at AIST Symposium, Vail, Colorado, US, 2013;
B-34 Citation: B-34. E.R. Booser, Tribology Data Handbook 1st Ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press, p. 844-845, 1997;
B-35 Citation: B-35. E.R. Booser, Tribology Data Handbook 1st Ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press, p. 831, 1997; doi.org/10.1201/9780367802509
B-36 Citation: B-36. E.R. Booser, Tribology Data Handbook 1st Ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press, p. 851, 1997; doi.org/10.1201/9780367802509
B-37 Citation: B-37. P. Bosler, Fuchs Lubricants Co., www.Fuchs.com
B-38 Citation: B-38. M. Barthau and M. Liewald, “New approach on controlling strain distribution manufactured in sheet metal components during deep drawing process,” Procedia Engineering, Volume 207, 2017, Pages 66-71, doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.10.740.
B-39 Citation: B-39. H. Bikas, P. Stavropoulos, and G. Chryssolouris, “Additive manufacturing methods and modelling approaches: a critical review,” International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, vol. 83, no. 1, 2016, pp. 389–405, doi.org/10.1007/s00170-015-7576-2;
B-40 Citation: B-40. G. Badinier, J.B. Moreau, B. Petit, C. Boissy, J.D. Mithieux, S. Saedlou and J. Paegle, "Development of press hardening stainless steels for body-in-white application," in 6th International Conference on Hot Sheet Metal Forming of High Performance Steel,” CHS2, Atlanta, GA, USA, 2017.
B-41 Citation: B-41. B. W. Blesi, C. Smith, D. K. Matlock and E. D. Moor, "Bake Hardening Behavior of DP, TBF, and PHS Steels with Ultimate Tensile Strengths Exceeding 1 GPa," SAE Technical Paper 2020-01-0536, 2020, doi.org/10.4271/2020-01-0536;
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B-60 Citation: B-60. E. Billur , S. Karabulut , İ. Yılmaz , S. Erzincanlıoğlu , H. Çelik , E. Altınok and T. Başer, “Mechanical Properties of Trip Aided Bainitic Ferrite (TBF) Steels in Production and Service Conditions” Hittite Journal of Science and Engineering, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 231-237, Jun. 2018.
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B-68 Citation: B-68. K. M. Bader, "Status and perspective of press hardening in car body manufacturing at Audi," Presented at Insight Edition Conference, September 20-21, Gothenburg, Sweden, 2011
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C-47 Citations: C-47. Lawrence Cho, Seok-Jae Lee, Myung Soo Kim, Young Ha Kim, Bruno C. De Cooman, “Influence of Gas Atmosphere Dew Point on the Selective Oxidation and the Reactive Wetting During Hot Dip Galvanizing of CMnSi TRIP Steel,” Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, Volume 44, Issue 1, 2012, pp. 362-371; https://www.doi.org/10.1007/s11661-012-1392-1
C-48 Citations: C-48. Lawrence Cho, Myung Soo Kim, Young Ha Kim, Bruno C. De Cooman, “Influence of Gas Atmosphere Dew Point on the Galvannealing of CMnSi TRIP Steel,” Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, Volume 44, 2013, pp. 5081-5095; https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-013-1867-8
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D

D-1 Citation: D-1. Courtesy of A. Lee, ArcelorMittal
D-2 Citation: D-2. Deutsches Institut fur Normung and Euronorm, DIN EN 10359, "Laser welded tailored blanks - Technical delivery conditions".
D-3 Citation: D-3. Deutsches Institut fur Normung and Euronorm, DIN EN 10130, "Cold rolled low carbon steel flat products for cold forming - Technical delivery conditions".
D-4 Citation: D-4. Deutsches Institut fur Normung E.V. (DIN) Euronorm (EN), DIN EN 10325, Steel - Determination of yield strength increase by the effect of heat treatment (Bake-Hardening-Index).
D-5 Citation: D-5. Deutsches Institut fur Normung E.V. (DIN) Euronorm (EN), DIN EN 10268, “Cold rolled steel flat products with high yield strength for cold forming - Technical delivery conditions”.
D-6 Citation: D-6. Deutsches Institut fur Normung E.V. (DIN) Euronorm (EN), DIN EN 10338, “Hot rolled and cold rolled non-coated products of multiphase steels for cold forming - Technical delivery conditions.” Deutsches Institut fur Normung E.V. (DIN) Euronorm (EN) standard.
D-7 Citation: D-7. Courtesy of J. Dykeman, Honda.
D-8 Citation: D-8. Courtesy of Dayton Lamina Corporation.
D-9 Citation: D-9. I. Diallo, T. Dupuy, C. Kaczynski, "High Strength Steel spot weld strength improvement through in situ Post Weld Heat Treatment," presentation at AWS Sheet Metal Welding Conference XVI, Livonia, Michigan, 2014.
D-10 Citation: D-10. M. Duffey, “New Test to Analyze Hydrogen-Induced Cracking Susceptibility in Resistance Spot Welds”, presented at AWS Sheet Metal Welding Conference, Livonia, Mich., 2018.
D-11 Citation: D-11. N. Deng and Y.P. Korkolis, “Elastic anisotropy of dual-phase steels with varying martensite content,” International Journal of Solids and Structures, Volumes 141–142, 1 June 2018, Pages 264-278, doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2018.02.028.
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D-13 Citation: D-13. G.E. Dieter, Mechanical Metallurgy, Third Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1986. The reference links takes you to Amazon.com where the book can be purchased. This link is provided for convenience only to those who may have an interest. It in no way represents a recommendation, nor does WorldAutoSteel benefit in any way from the book sales.
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D-16 Citation: D-16. Dayton Lamina, “Dayton’s Engineered Clearance”.
D-17 Citation: D-17. Deutsches Institut fur Normung E.V. (DIN) Euronorm (EN), DIN EN 10268, "Cold rolled steel flat products with high yield strength for cold forming - Technical delivery conditions".
D-18 Citation: D-18. Deutsches Institut fur Normung E.V. (DIN) Euronorm (EN), DIN EN 10338, "Hot rolled and cold rolled non-coated products of multiphase steels for cold forming - Technical delivery conditions".
D-19 Citation: D-19. Deutsches Institut fur Normung E.V. (DIN) Euronorm (EN), DIN 50125, "Testing of Metallic Materials – Tensile Test Pieces".
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D-27 Citation: D-27. B.C. De Cooman, “11 - High Mn TWIP steel and medium Mn steel,” Automotive Steels, Edited by R. Rana and S.B. Singh, Woodhead Publishing, 2017, Pages 317-385, doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-100638-2.00011-0.
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D-29 Citation: D-29. B.C. De Cooman, Y. Estrin, and S.K. Kim, “Twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) steels,” Acta Materialia, Volume 142, 1 January 2018, Pages 283-362, doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2017.06.046.
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D-31 Citation: D-31. F. D’Aiuto, “Innovative materials and solutions for automotive components,” Presented at ANFIA - Associazione Nazionale Fra Industrie Automobilistiche (National Association of the Automobile Industry; Torino, Italy), 28 April 2016.
D-32 Citation: D-32. E. De Moor, J.G. Speer, D.K. Matlock, J.-H. Kwak, and S.B. Lee, “Effect of Carbon and Manganese on the Quenching and Partitioning Response of CMnSi Steels,” ISIJ International, Vol. 51 (2011), No. 1, pp. 137–144.
D-33 Citation: D-33. David Diaz-Infante, “Improving the Drawing Process of AHSS by Using Servo Press Technologies”, Presented at 2018 Great Designs in Steel, Sponsored by American Iron and Steel Institute.
D-44 M.F. Dilmore, T.B. Crenshaw, and B.L. Boyce, "The strain-rate sensitivity of high-strength high-toughness steels", Sandia National Laboratories Report SAND2007-0036, OSTI ID:902598, 2006.
D-45 Citations: D-45. L.Dormegny, E. Ozden and E. O. Arman, "Application of coated 2GPa press hardening steel on a serial B-pillar for automotive weight reduction," 2024. https://www.automotive-circle.com/events/car-body-parts-materials-and-forming-processes-2024/
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D-47 Citations: D-47. Paul Deller, “Tailored Properties in Advanced Hot-Stamped Body-in-White Applications Using the TemperBox® Technology,” Presentation at Great Designs in Steel 2024, American Iron and Steel Institute, 2024; https://www.steel.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/GDIS-2024-trk1-s11_P-Deller_Tailored-Properties-in-Advanced-Hot-Stamped-BIW-Apps2.pdf
D-48 Citations: D-48. Y. Dahan, Y. Chastel, P. Duroux, J. Wilsius, P. Hein, and E. Massoni, “Procedure for the experimental determination of a forming limit curve for USIBOR 1500 P,” Proceedings of the IDDRG 2007 International Conference in Győr, Hungary; https://minesparis-psl.hal.science/hal-00566423; https://minesparis-psl.hal.science/hal-00566423v1/file/Dahan_IDDRG2007.pdf
D-49 Citations: D-49. P. Drillet, Z. Zermout, D. Bouleau, J. Mataigne, and S. Claessens, “Selective oxidation of high Si, Mn and Al steel grade during recrystallization annealing, and steel/Zn reactivity,” Rev. Met. Paris, Volume 101, Number 10, October 2004, pp. 831-837, Subject of a presentation at Galvatech 04 organized by AIST (Chicago, April 4-7, 2004); https://doi.org/10.1051/metal:2004154

E

E-1 Citation: E-1. Edison Welding Institute and the Ohio State University, “Effect of Material and GMAW Process Conditions on AHSS Welds,” Sheet Metal Welding Conference XII.
E-2 Citation: E-2. Courtesy of Engineering Quality Solutions, Inc.
E-3 Citation: E-3. Deutsches Institut fur Normung E.V. (DIN) Euronorm (EN), EN 10083-3, "Steels for Quenching and Tempering - Part 3: Technical Delivery Conditions for Alloy Steels," 2007.
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E-5 Citation: E-5. B. Endelt, S. Tommerup, and J. Danckert, “A novel feedback control system – Controlling the material flow in deep drawing using distributed blank-holder force,” Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Volume 213, Issue 1, January 2013, Pages 36-50, doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2012.08.003.
E-6 Citation: E-6. United States Environmental Protection Agency, "EPA Sustainability Primer", 2015.
E-7 Citation: E-7. M. Eriksson, M. Oldenburg, M.C. Somani, and L.P. Karjalainen, “Testing and Evaluation of Material Data for Analysis of Forming and Hardening of Boron Steel Components,” Modelling and Simulation in Materials Science and Engineering, Volume 10, Number 3, 2002, pp. 277–294, doi.org/10.1088/0965-0393/10/3/303;
E-8 Citation: E-8. W. Ehling and F. Schmit, "Innovations in laser welding for press hardened steels," Presented at Materials in Car Body Engineering 2014, May 13-14, Bad Nauheim, Germany, 2014.
E-9 Citation: E-9. S. Enderle, B. Hans and M. Brüderle, "Audi e-tron," Presented at EuroCarBody 2019, October 15-17, Bad Nauheim, Germany, 2019.
E-10 Citation: E-10. Deutsches Institut fur Normung E.V. (DIN) Euronorm (EN) , DIN EN 10325 , "Steel-Determination of Yield Strength Increase by the Effect of Heat Treatment (Bake-Hardening-Index)," 2006.
E-11 Citation: E-11. K. Enos, Innovations in coil metal processing, press feeding,” Stamping Journal, Volume 33, No. 1, January/February 2021, page 34.
E-12 Citation: E-12. F. J. Ebner, "HotPHASE - Press Hardening Automotive Solutions by Ebner," in 3rd International Conference on Hot Sheet Metal Forming of High Performance Steel, CHS2, Kassel, Germany, 2011.
E-13 Citation E-13. European New Car Assessment Program, https://www.euroncap.com/en
E-14 Citation E-14. “H. Eiliat, Chevrolet Blazer EV Body Structure,” Great Designs in Steel, 2024, Sponsored by American Iron and Steel Institute. Available from https://www.steel.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/FINAL-2024-Blazer-EV-Structure-GDIS-May-22-2024-Dr-Hoda-Eiliat-for-publication.pdf
E-15 Citations: E-15. European Patent Application EP 3567364 A1, “Device For Preparing Sheet Specimens,” Application number 18382321.0, Published 13 November 2019, Bulletin 2019/46; https://data.epo.org/publication-server/document/pdf/3567364/A1/2019-11-13
E-16 Citations: E-16. European Committee for Standardization (CEN), “Laser welded tailored blanks - Technical delivery conditions,” EN 10359:2023, May 2023; https://knowledge.bsigroup.com/products/laser-welded-tailored-blanks-technical-delivery-condition
E-17 Citations: E-17. EN 10346, “Continuously hot-dip coated steel flat products for cold forming. Technical delivery conditions,” 2015, Euronorm (EN) standard available from https://global.ihs.com and other locations; 2025 draft revision in process.

F

F-1 Citation: F-1. A. Foster and D. Shouler, "The New Range Rover Evoque," Presented at EuroCarBody 2019, October 15-17, Bad Nauheim, Germany, 2019.
F-2 Citation: F-2. M. Fermer, "Designing body structure for real life safety," in Presented at Insight Edition Conference, Germany, 18–19 September 2012.
F-3 Citation: F-3. J. Gerlach, K. Blümel, U. Kneiphoff and G. Eyl, “Material Aspects of Tube-hydroforming,” SAE Paper 1999-01-3204, 1999, doi.org/10.4271/1999-01-3204.
F-5 Citations: F-5. J.R. Fekete, “Manufacturing Challenges In Stamping And Fabrication Of Components From Advanced High Strength Steel,” International Symposium on Niobium Microalloyed Sheet Steel for Automotive Application, Edited by S. Hashimoto, S. Jansto, H. Mohrbacher, and F. Siciliano, TMS (The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society), 2006.
F-6 Citation: F-6. A. Fallahiarezoodar, R. Peker and T. Altan, “Temperature Increase in Forming of Advanced High-Strength Steels Effect of Ram Speed Using a Servodrive Press.” Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering - Transactions of The ASME 138 (2016): 094503., doi.org/10.1115/1.4033996.
F-7 Citation: F-7. F. Jiao, N. Ramachandiran, P. Enrique, K. Chan, N. Scotchmer, and N. Zhou, “Weld Quality Study of Projection Nut Welding With Modular Weld Head,” Sheet Metal Welding Conference XVIII Livonia, MI October 17-18, 2018
F-8 Citation: F-8. S. Fukumoto, H. Tsubakino, K. Okita, M. Aritoshi, T. Tomita, Microstructure of friction weld interface of 1050 aluminium to austenitic stainless steel, Mater. Sci. Technol. (1998). doi:10.1179/mst.1998.14.4.333.
F-9 Citation: F-9. J.R. Fekete, “Product and Process Effects On Stamping Performance Of Advanced High Strength Steels", Presented at 2006 Great Designs in Steel, Sponsored by American Iron and Steel Institute.
F-10 Citation: F-10. M. Feistle, I. Pätzold, R. Golle, W. Volk, A. Frehn, and R. Ilskens, “Maximizing the Expansion Ratio through Multi-stage Shear-cutting Process during Collar Forming,” IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 418, 1, 012071, 10.1088/1757-899X/418/1/012071, 2018.
F-11 Citation: F-11. N. Fonstein, Advanced High Strength Sheet Steels: Physical Metallurgy, Design, Processing, and Properties, ISBN 978-3-319-19165-2, 2015, Springer International Publishing Switzerland; doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19165-2.
F-12 Citation: F-12. A. Fallahiarezoodar, B. Aykas, D. Diaz-Infante, and T. Altan, “Practical methods for estimating formability of sheet materials,” Stamping Journal, July/August 2016.
F-13 Citation: F-13. A. Fallahiarezoodar, R. Peker, and T. Altan, “Heat generation in forming of AHSS,” Stamping Journal, March/April 2015.
F-14 Citation: F-14. D. W. Fan and B. C. De Cooman, "State of the Knowledge on Coating Systems for Hot Stamped Parts," steel research international, vol. 83, pp. 412–433, 2012, doi.org/10.1002/srin.201100292.
F-15 Citation: F-15. J. Faderl and K. M. Radlmayr, "ultraform und ultraform phs innovation made by voestalpine," in 1. Erlanger Workshop Warmblechumformung, 2006.
F-16 Citation: F-16. D. Fuss, "Production of profile-like UHSS components with any type of cross-section or contour: An alternative approach," Presented at Strategies in Car Body Engineering 2017, March 22-23, Bad Nauheim, Germany, 2017.
F-17 Citation: F-17. D. Fuss, W. Schmidt and K. Werner, "Profile-like hot formed UHSS components utilizating FBH technology - An alternative approach to conventional hot stamping," in 5th International Conference on Hot Sheet Metal Forming of High Performance Steel, CHS2,Toronto, ON, Canada, 2015.
F-18 Citation: F-18. R. Funada, "Maximizing Lightweighting In Steel Automotive Bodies And Frames With The Steel Tube Air Forming (STAF) Process," Presented at Global Automotive Lightweight Materials, Detroit, 2019.
F-19 Citation: F-19. B. Fossati, A. Machado-Baglietto and M. Cappelaere, "Hot Stamping Industrialization at Renault," Presented at Forming in Car Body Engineering 2014, September 24-25, Bad Nauheim, Germany, 2014.
F-20 Citation: F-20. Fiat Chrysler Automobiles, "MS 50001: Press-hardened steel for body parts," Company Standard, 2019.
F-21 Citation: F-21. K. Fahlström, "Laser Welding of Boron Steels for Light-Weight Vehicle Applications," Licentiate Thesis, Högskolan Väst, Sweden, 2015.
F-22 Citation: F-22. P. Fischer, D. Harsch, J. Heingärtner, Y. Renkci, and P. Hora, “Implementation of feedback control in kitchen sink production,” Presented at International Deep Drawing Research Group – 2018; IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 418 (2018) 012110, doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/418/1/012110.
F-23 Citation: F-23. J. Frei, M. Biegler, M. Rethmeier, C. Böhne, and G. Meschut, “Investigation of liquid metal embrittlement of dual phase steel joints by electro-thermomechanical spot-welding simulation,” Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, vol. 90, pp. 1–10, 2019.
F-24 Citation: F-24. P. Fischer, D. Harsch, J. Heingärtner, Y. Renkci, and P. Hora, “A knowledge-based control system for the robust manufacturing of deep drawn parts,” Procedia Engineering, Volume 207, 2017, Pages 42-47, doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.10.735.
F-25 Citation: F-25. P. Fischer, D. Harsch, J. Heingärtner, and P. Hora, “Approaches for control in deep drawing,” in Forming Technology Forum 2017, October 12 & 13, 2017, Enschede, The Netherlands.
F-26 Citation: F-26. P. Fischer, D. Harsch, J. Heingärtner, Y. Renkci, and P. Hora, “Inline feedback control for deep drawing applications,” Presented at International Deep Drawing Research Group - 2016, IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 159 (2016) 012006, doi:10.1088/1757-899X/159/1/012006.
F-27 Citation: F-27. P. Fischer, J. Heingärtner, Y. Renkci, and P. Hora, “Experiences with inline feedback control and data acquisition in deep drawing,” Procedia Manufacturing, Volume 15, 2018, Pages 949-954, doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2018.07.401.
F-28 Citation: F-28. A. Fallahiarezoodar and T. Altan, “Lightweighting in the automotive industry using sheet metal forming, Part 2: Optimization of process parameters,” Stamping Journal, March / April 2016.
F-29 Citation: F-29. Stratasys, “FDM Tooling for Sheet Metal Forming: Hydroforming and Rubber Pad Press” Stratasys Technical Application Guide, 2015.
F-30 Citation: F-30. T. Fröhlich, "Maximum safety and lightweight potential due to use of new high strength steels," Presented at Outokumpu Experience 2013, May 22-23, London, UK, 2013.
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F-32 Citation: F-32. A. Fidorra and J. Baur, "The Art of Progress: Audi - The New A8," Presented at EuroCarBody 2010, October 18-20, Bad Nauheim, Germany, 2010.
F-33 Citation: F-33. D. W. Fan, H. S. Kim, J.-K. Oh, K.-G. Chin and B. C. De Cooman, "Coating Degradation in Hot Press Forming," ISIJ International, vol. 50, number 4, pp. 561-568, 2010, doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.50.561.
F-34 Citation: F-34. G. Frenzer, "Nano-X GmbH x-tec® and Alsi® Coat Products against scale formation on steel," Presentation at Nano-X, 2015.
F-35 Citation: F-35. T. Fuchs and F. J. Ebner, "Furnace Technologies in Hot Stamping Concepts and Experience from Production," in Innovative Research in Hot Stamping Technology, 2015, Advanced Materials Research Vol. 1063, Selected peer reviewed papers from the 1st International Conference on Hot Stamping of UHSS (ICHSU 2014), August 21-24, 2014, Chongqing, China;
F-36 Citation: F-36. E. Fukuhara, “Development of advanced high strength 980 MPa steel with Super High Formability,” presented at Materials in Car Body Engineering, 2017.
F-37 Citation: F-37. FCA, “All-new 2021 Jeep® Grand Cherokee Breaks New Ground in the Full-size SUV Segment,” 7 January 2021, PR Newswire.
F-38 Citation: F-38. J. Farrell, “Choosing the Electric Avenue – Unlocking Savings, Emissions Reductions, and Community Benefits of Electric Vehicles”, Institute for Local Self Reliance, June 7, 2017.
F-39 Citation: F-39. J. Finn, “The case for laser blanking in automotive stamping,” Stamping Journal, March/April 2020.
F-40 Citation: F-40. N. Fujita, K. Kusumi, K. Matsumura, T. Nonaka, And T. Tomokiyo, “Present Situation and Future Trend of Ultra-High Strength Steel Sheets for Auto-Body” Nippon Steel Technical Report No. 103 May 2013.
F-41 Citation: F-41. Courtesy of R. Funada, Sumitomo Heavy Industries.
F-42 Citation: F-42. R. Funada, "Maximizing Lightweighting in Steel Automotive Bodies and Frames with STAF (Steel Tube Air Forming)", Presented at 2021 Great Designs in Steel, Sponsored by American Iron and Steel Institute.
F-43 Citations: F-43: D. Frómeta, S. Parareda, A. Lara, S. Molas, D. Casellas, P. Jonsén, and J. Calvo, “Identification of fracture toughness parameters to understand the fracture resistance of advanced high strength sheet steels,” Engineering Fracture Mechanics 229 (2020) 106949; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2020.106949
F-44 Citations: F-44. D. Frómeta, “On the measurement of fracture toughness to understand the cracking resistance of Advanced High Strength Steel sheets,” PhD thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), 2021; https://upcommons.upc.edu/entities/publication/076582a6-298a-420c-b315-1e2c7f33d434
F-45 Citations: F-45. D Frómeta, A Lara, S Parareda, L. Grifé and D Casellas, “New tool to evaluate the fracture resistance of thin high strength metal sheets,” IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 967 (2020) 012088, IDDRG 2020 Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/967/1/012088
F-46 Citations: F-46. D. Frómeta, A. Lara, L. Grifé, T. Dieudonné, P. Dietsch, J. Rehrl, C. Suppan, D. Casellas, and J. Calvo, “Fracture resistance of advanced high strength steel sheets for automotive applications,” Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 52 (2021) 840–856. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-020-06119-y.
F-47 Citations: F-47. D. Frómeta, A. Lara, S. Molas, D. Casellas, J. Rehrl, C. Suppan, P. Larour, and J. Calvo, “On the correlation between fracture toughness and crash resistance of advanced high strength steels,” Eng. Frac. Mech. 205 (2019) 319-332; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2018.10.005.
F-48 Citations: F-48. D. Frómeta, L.Grifé, D. Casellas, “Enhanced ductility and fracture classification maps for advanced high-strength steels considering local ductility and fracture toughness”, International Deep-Drawing Research Group (IDDRG) 2025, MATEC Web Conf. 408 (2025) 01076; https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202540801076.
F-49 Citations: F-49. Samuel Friesen, Julian Nunez Casas, Dipali Karande, and Shi Li, "HOT STAMPED CLASS-A DOUBLE DOOR RING FOR VEHICLE," Patent WO2025117607, Tesla, Inc., August 2025; https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=WO2025117607
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G

G-1 Citation: G-1. B. Gerhards, O. Engels, U. Reisgen and S. Olschok, "Laser beam welding of press hardened ultra-high strength 22MnB5 steel,” Lasers in Manufacturing 2015-LIM 2015 und World of Photonics Congress, in International Congress Center Munich, Germany, June 2015.
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G-47 Citation: G-47. A. Glover, P.J. Gibbs, C. Liu, D.W. Brown, B. Clausen, J.G. Speer and E. De Moor, “Deformation Behavior of a Double Soaked Medium Manganese Steel with Varied Martensite Strength", Metals, 2019, Volume 9, 761; doi.org/10.3390/met9070761.
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H-63 Citation: H-63. K. Hasegawa, K. Kawamura, T. Urabe And Y. Hosoya. “Effects of Microstructure on Stretch-flange-formability of 980 MPa Grade Cold-rolled Ultra High Strength Steel Sheets,” ISIJ International, Vol. 44 (2004), No. 3, pp. 603–609, DOI:10.2355/ISIJINTERNATIONAL.44.603. .
H-64 Citation: H-64. K. Hasegawa, S. Kaneko, and K. Seto, “Cold-Rolled and Galvannealed (GA) High Strength Steel Sheets for Automotive Cabin Structure,” JFE Technical Report, No. 18, March 2013.
H-65 G.T. Halmos (Editor) Roll Forming Handbook (1st ed.). CRC Press, 2005.
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H-65 Citation H-65. C. Huang, C. Hu, Y. Liu, Z. Liang and M. Huang, “Recent developments and perspectives of advanced high-strength medium Mn steel: from material design to failure mechanisms,” Mater. Futures 1 032001, 2022.
H-66 G.T. Halmos (Editor) Roll Forming Handbook (1st ed.). CRC Press, 2005. doi.org/10.1201/9781420030693.
H-67 Citation H-67. “Information for First & Second Responders Emergency Response Guide For Vehicle: 2025 Civic Hybrid, Version 1,” American Honda Motor Co., Inc., 2024. Available from https://techinfo.honda.com/rjanisis/pubs/web/AEG26065.pdf
H-68 Citation H-68. “2022 Civic Model Series: New Body Repair Information,” Honda Body Repair News, June 2024, 26064 Version 3, American Honda Motor Co., Inc. Available from https://techinfo.honda.com/rjanisis/pubs/web/ABRN16559.PDF
H-69 Citation: H-69: P. Hein and J. Wilsius, "Status and Innovation Trends in Hot Stamping of USIBOR 1500 P," steel research international, vol. 79, pp. 85-91, 2008.
H-70 Citations: H-70. G. Han, Z. Zhou, Z. Luo and T. Yun, "VOYAH DREAM: New Era Premium Electric MPV," Presented at EuroCarBody 2023, October 17-19, Bad Nauheim, Germany, 2023.
H-71 Citations: H-71. John H. Hollomon, “Properties and Structure of Steel - Tensile Deformation,” Transactions of the Metallurgical Society of AIME, 1945, Vol. 162, pp. 268-290.
H-72 Citations: H-72. J.E. Hockett and O.D. Sherby , “Large strain deformation of polycrystalline metals at low homologous temperatures,” Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, Volume 23, Issue 2, April 1975, Pages 87-98; https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-5096(75)90018-6
H-73 Citations: H-73. F. Han, C. Lian, J. Zhang, and H. Jiang, “Plasticity and Fracture Characterization of Advanced High-Strength Steel: Experiments and Modeling,” Forming the Future: Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on the Technology of Plasticity, edited by G. Daehn, J. Cao, B. Kinsey, E. Tekkaya, A. Vivek, and Y. Yoshida, 2021, pp 1947-1959. The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series. Springer, Cham; https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-75381-8_163;
H-74 Citations: H-74. R. Hill, “A theory of the yielding and plastic flow of anisotropic metals,” Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences Vol. 193. No. 1033, 1948, The Royal Society.
H-75 Citations: H-75. “HyperForm® offers affordable weight saving steels for the entire car body,” Tata Steel Automotive Document AM0217:250:EN:0617, Copyright 2017, Tata Steel Europe Limited.

I

I-1 Citation: I-1. Indhu, T. Manish, L. Vijayaraghavan, S. Soundarapandian, “Microstructural evolution and its effect on joint strength during laser welding of dual phase steel to aluminium alloy", Journal of Manufacturing Processes, Volume 58, 2020, Pages 236-248, ISSN 1526-6125, doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2020.08.004.
I-2 Citation I-2. “Passenger Vehicle Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Fuel Consumption,” International Council on Clean Transportation, April 2024, Available from https://theicct.org/pv-fuel-economy: Image from https://theicct.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/NEDC-PC-Fig-4.24-scaled.jpg
I-3 Citation I-3. International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISO 14040, “Environmental management — Life cycle assessment — Principles and framework“, 2006. Available from https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:iso:14040:ed-2:v1:en
I-4 Citation I-4. International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISO 14044, “Environmental management — Life cycle assessment — Requirements and guidelines “, 2006. Available from https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:iso:14044:ed-1:v1:en
I-5 Citation I-5. Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, https://www.iihs.org/
I-6 Citation: I-6. I. Ibrahim, R. Ito, T. Kakiuchi, Y. Uematsu, K. Yun, and C. Matsuda, “Fatigue behaviour of Al/steel dissimilar resistance spot welds fabricated using Al–Mg interlayer,” Sci. Technol. Weld. Join., Vol. 21, No. 3, pp. 223–233, 2016, doi.org/10.1179/1362171815Y.0000000086.
I-7 Citation: I-7. International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISO 6892-1, “Metallic materials — Tensile testing — Part 1: Method of test at room temperature", 2019.
I-8 Citation: I-8. International Organization for Standardization (ISO) ISO 7438, "Metallic materials — Bend test", 2016.
I-9 Citation: I-9. International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISO 16630, "Metallic materials — Sheet and strip — Hole expanding test", 2017.
I-10 Citation: I-10. A. Ishiwatari, M. Urabe, And T. Inazumi, “Press Forming Analysis Contributing to the Expansion of High Strength Steel Sheet Applications,” JFE Technical Report No. 18, March 2013.
I-11 Citation: I-11. International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISO 4957, "Tool steels", 2018.
I-12 Citation: I-12. International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISO 16808:2014, "Metallic materials — Sheet and strip — Determination of biaxial stress-strain curve by means of bulge test with optical measuring systems", 2014.
I-13 Citation: I-13. International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISO 16842:2014, "Metallic materials — Sheet and strip — Biaxial tensile testing method using a cruciform test piece", 2014.
I-14 Citations: I-14. International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISO 10275, "Metallic materials — Sheet and strip — Determination of tensile strain hardening exponent", 2007.
I-15 Citations: I-15. International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISO 10113, Metallic materials — Sheet and strip — Determination of plastic strain ratio", 2020.
I-16 Citation: I-16. International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISO 12004-2, "Metallic materials — Sheet and strip — Determination of forming-limit curves — Part 2: Determination of forming-limit curves in the laboratory", 2021.
I-17 Citation: I-17. Industry 4.0, “Industry 4.0: the fourth industrial revolution – guide to Industrie 4.0”.
I-18 Citation: I-18. Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, "2003 Volvo XC90".
I-19 Citation: I-19. Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, "Aluminum-body Ford F-150 crew cab aces IIHS tests," IIHS News Site, July 30, 2015.
I-20 Citation: I-20. IT Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology (Georgia Tech), and Korea Aerospace University, “Proposal for Full Scale R&D Project under the International Collaborative R&D Program: Ultralight-but-Robust Automotive Vehicle with Strong, Lightweight, Next-generation Material,” from 01-07-2010 until 30-06-2014.
I-21 Citation: I-21. United States Automotive Materials Partnership LLC (USAMP), “Integrated Computational Materials Engineering Development of Advanced High Strength Steel for Lightweight Vehicles (ICME 3GAHSS)”, Final Report (Feb. 1, 2013 – Mar. 31, 2017), award from US Department of Energy, Federal Award Number DE-EE0005976, 2017.
I-22 Citation: I-22. Infinity, “Infiniti Q50,” Presentation, EuroCarBody 2013.
I-23 Citation: I-23. Infiniti, "Infiniti QX50", EuroCarBody 2018 Presentation.
I-24 Citation I-24. “Greenhouse Gas Emissions Intensity- Primary Aluminium,” 2023, International Aluminium Institute, Available from https://international-aluminium.org/statistics/greenhouse-gas-emissions-intensity-primary-aluminium/
I-25 “Passenger Vehicle Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Fuel Consumption,” International Council on Clean Transportation, April 2024, Available fromhttps://theicct.org/pv-fuel-economy: Image from https://theicct.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/NEDC-PC-Fig-4.24-scaled.jpg
I-26 Citations: I-26. “A Good Practices Guide for Digital Image Correlation,” Edited by E.M.C. Jones and M.A. Iadicola, International Digital Image Correlation Society, 2018: https://doi.org/10.32720/idics/gpg.ed1/print.format.
I-27 Citations: I-27. Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS), "2012 Volvo XC90 4-door SUV Safety Ratings," 2024. Available: https://www.iihs.org/ratings/vehicle/volvo/xc90-4-door-suv/2012 (Accessed: 2025-08-26).
I-28 Citations: I-28. S. Inoue, J. Okamura and T. Tanoue, "Toyota bZ4X and Subaru Solterra," in EuroCarBody 2022, 24th Global Car Body Benchmarking Conference, Bad Nauheim, Germany, October 18–20, 2022.

J

J-1 Citation: J-1. Courtesy of JFE Steel Corporation.
J-2 Citation: J-2. C. Ji, M. Kimchi, Y. Kim and Y. Park, "The application of pulsed current in resistance spot welding of zn-coated hot-stamped boron steels," in Advances in Resistance Welding, Miami, FL, 2016.
J-3 Citation: J-3. Japanese Standards Association (JSA), Japanese Industrial Standards (JIS), JIS G 3135, “Cold-reduced high strength steel sheet and strip with improved formability for automobile uses”, 2018.
J-4 Citation: J-4. Japanese Standards Association (JSA), Japanese Industrial Standards (JIS), JIS G 3141, "Cold-reduced carbon steel sheet and strip". 2021.
J-5 Citation: J-5. Japanese Standards Association (JSA), Japanese Industrial Standards (JIS), JIS Z 2248, "Metallic materials — Bend test", 2018.
J-6 Citation: J-6. Japanese Standards Association (JSA), Japanese Industrial Standards (JIS), JIS Z 2256, "Metallic materials -- Hole expanding test", 2020.
J-7 Citation: J-7. Japanese Standards Association (JSA), Japanese Industrial Standards (JIS) JIS G4401, "Carbon Tool Steels", 2019.
J-8 Citation: J-8. Japanese Standards Association (JSA), Japanese Industrial Standards (JIS), JIS G4403, "High Speed Tool Steels", 2020.
J-9 Citation: J-9. Japanese Standards Association (JSA), Japanese Industrial Standards (JIS), JIS G4404, "Alloy Tool Steels", 2020.
J-10 Citation: J-10. B.J. Janoss, “Selecting, using tool coatings to stamp AHSS”, The Stamping Journal, July/August 2008.
J-11 Citation: J-11. Y. Jia, C. Pu, F. Zhu, D. Zhou, C. Du, Y.-W. Wang, Z.G. Qin, and C.-K. Hsiung, “Numerical Study of Twist Spring-back Control with an Unbalanced Post-stretching Approach for Advanced High Strength Steel,” SAE Technical Paper 2018-01-0806, 2018.
J-12 Citation: J-12. Y. Jia , C. Pu , F. Zhu , K. Schmid and Y. W. Wang, “A New Hybrid Bead with Post-stretching Method to Effectively Control Spring-back for Advanced High Strength Steel,” International Deep Drawing Research Group 37th Annual Conference, 2018, IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 418 (2018) 012101.
J-13 Citations: J-13. Japanese Standards Association (JSA), JIS Z 2253, "Metallic materials -- Sheet and Strip – Determination Of Tensile Strain Hardening Exponent", 2021.
J-14 Citation: J-14. Japanese Standards Association (JSA), JIS Z 2254, Metallic materials -- Sheet and Strip – Determination Of Plastic Strain Ratio", 2017.
J-15 Citation: J-15. Japanese Standards Association (JSA), JIS Z 2241, "Metallic Materials - Tensile Testing - Method of Test at Room Temperature", 2020.
J-16 Citation: J-16. J. Jeffery, IRMCO.
J-17 Citation: J-17. H. Järvinen, M. Honkanen, M. Järvenpää and P. Peura, "Effect of paint baking treatment on the properties of press hardened boron steels," Journal of Materials Processing Technology, vol. 252, pp. 90-104, 2018, doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2017.08.027.
J-18 Citation: J-18. S. Junk, R. Wagner, M. Tränkle, and S. Côté, “Rapid Tooling in Metal Forming Processes using 3D-printed Tools,” Innovative Developments in Virtual and Physical Prototyping: Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Advanced Research in Virtual and Rapid Prototyping, Leiria, Portugal, 2011, pp. 405-408, doi.org/10.1201/b11341.
J-19 Citation: J-19. P.O. Judt, A. Ricoeur, and G. Linek, “Crack paths at multiple-crack systems in anisotropic structures: simulation and experiment,” Procedia Materials Science, Volume 3, 2014, Pages 2122-2127, doi.org/10.1016/j.mspro.2014.06.343.
J-20 Citation: J-20. B. Jacquier, "Tailored for tomorrow: An introduction to ArcelorMittal Tailored Blanks Europe," Presented at AMTB Lorraine Innovation Day, November 21st, 2019.
J-21 Citation: J-21. K. R. Jo, L. Cho, D. H. Sulistiyo, E. J. Seo, S. W. Kim and B. C. D. Cooman, "Effects of Al-Si coating and Zn coating on the hydrogen uptake and embrittlement of ultra-high strength press-hardened steel," Surface and Coatings Technology, vol. 374, pp. 1108-1119, 2019, doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2019.06.047.
J-22 Citation: J-22. R. Johansson, M. Fermer, J. Jergeus and J. K. Larsson, "Extensive Use of Hot-Formed Steel in Car Body Structures," in 3rd International Conference on Hot Sheet Metal Forming of High Performance Steel, CHS2, Kassel, Germany, 2011.
J-23 Citation: J-23. Japanese Standards Association Group, Japan Iron and Steel Federation Standard, JFS A 2001, "Cold-rolled steel sheet and strip for automobile use”, 2020.
J-24 Citation: J-24. JFE Steel Corporation, News Release, “TOYOTA Lexus Adopts 1.5GPa High-strength Cold-rolled Steel Sheet to Structural Part by Unique Cold Press Forming Technology”, October 22, 2021.
J-25 Citation J-25: Japan European New Car Assessment Program
J-26 Citation J-26. J. Polewarczyk, “Overview: STEEL Lightweighting Projects,” 2008 Department of Energy Merit Review, Available from https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2014/03/f10/merit08_heimbuch_2.pdf
J-26 J. Polewarczyk, “Overview: STEEL Lightweighting Projects,” 2008 Department of Energy Merit Review, Available from https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2014/03/f10/merit08_heimbuch_2.pdf
J-27 Citations: J-27. D. Ji, C. Lian and F. Han, “Comparative research on the formability of several ultra-high-strength steels,” Baosteel Technical Research, Volume 17, Number 3, September 2023, Page 18; www.doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1674-3458.2023.03.003
J-28 Citations: J-28. X. Jin and L. Wang, “Recent development of UHSS and its hot-dip galvanizing processes at Baosteel,” Baosteel Technical Research, Volume 17, Number 1, March 2023, Page 2; https://d.wanfangdata.com.cn/periodical/bgjsyj202301002
J-29 Citations: J-29. JFE New Products & Technologies, “Weight Reduction of Body Exposed Panels by Applying UNI HITEN™,” JFE Technical Report, No. 18 (Mar. 2013); https://www.jfe-steel.co.jp/en/research/report/018/pdf/018-22.pdf
J-30 Citations: J-30. JFE New Products & Technologies, “High Strength Steel Sheets with Excellent Formability Series, JEFORMA^TM,” JFE Technical Report, No. 24 (Mar. 2019); https://www.jfe-steel.co.jp/en/research/report/024/pdf/024-15.pdf
J-32 Citations: J-32. JIN Xinyan, CHU Shuangjie, PENG Jun, HU Guangkui, "Effect of Dew Point on Selective Oxidation and Decarburization of 0.2%C-1.5%Si-2.5%Mn High Strength Steel Sheet During Continuous Annealing," Acta Metallurgica Sinica, 2023, Volume 59, Issue 10, pages 1324-1334. https://www.ams.org.cn/EN/10.11900/0412.1961.2021.00262#1.

K

K-1 Citation: K-1. A. Konieczny, “Advanced High Strength Steels – Formability", Presented at 2003 Great Designs in Steel, Sponsored by American Iron and Steel Institute.
K-2 Citations: K-2. S. Keeler, “Increased Use of Higher Strength Steels,” PMA Metalforming magazine (July 2002).
K-3 Citation: K-3. A. Konieczny, “On the Formability of Automotive TRIP Steels”, SAE Technical Paper No. 2003-01-0521, 2003.
K-4 Citation: K-4. T. Katayama et al, “Effects of Material Properties on Shape-Fixability and Shape Control Techniques in Hat-shaped Forming,” Proceedings of the 22nd IDDRG Congress, p.97, 2002.
K-5 Citation: K-5. Y. Kuriyama, “The Latest Trends in Both Development of High Tensile Strength Steels and Press Forming Technologies for Automotive Parts,” Nishiyama Memorial Seminar (NMS), ISIJ, 175/176, p.1, 2001.
K-6 Citation: K-6. A. Konieczny and T. Henderson, “On Formability Limitations in Stamping Involving Sheared Edge Stretching,” SAE Technical Paper 2007-01-0340, 2007.
K-7 Citation: K-7. N. Kardes Sever, “Investigation of Lubrication and Springback in Forming of Draw Quality and Advanced High Strength Steels,” Dissertation, The Ohio State University, 2012; https://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1332117974.
K-8 Citation: K-8. M. Küpper, W. Lieven and U. Salle, "The All-New Opel Astra," Presented at EuroCarBody 2015, October 20-22, Bad Nauheim, Germany, 2015.
K-9 Citations: K-9. J.H Kim, J.H. Sung, K. Piao, and R.H. Wagoner, “The shear fracture of dual-phase steel,” International Journal of Plasticity 27 (2011) 1658–1676, dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijplas.2011.02.009.
K-10 Citation: K-10. A. Konieczny and T. Henderson, “Product Design Considerations for AHSS Displaying Lower Formability Limits in Stamping - With Sheared Edge Stretching", Presented at 2007 Great Designs in Steel, Sponsored by American Iron and Steel Institute.
K-11 Citation: K-11. H. Kim, J. Dykeman, A. Samant, and Cliff Hoschouer, “Prediction and Reduction of Edge Cracking in Forming Advanced High-Strength Steels", 2017 Great Designs in Steel, sponsored by American Iron and Steel Institute.
K-12 Citation: K-12. J. Kaars, P. Mayr, and K. Koppe, “Spot Welding of 22MnB5 at Overlaps with Gaps-Effects, Causes, and Countermeasures,” Sheet Metal Welding Conference XVIII Livonia, MI October 17-18, 2018.
K-13 Citation: K-13. Kim, H. et al, Investigation of galling in forming galvanized advanced high strength steels (AHSSs) using the twist compression test (TCT). Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 2008. v205. 459-468. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2007.11.281.
K-14 Citation: K-14. A. Konieczny, “Dual Phase Steel Applications in Tailor-Welded Blank Technology", Presented at 2004 Great Designs in Steel, Sponsored by American Iron and Steel Institute.
K-15 Citation: K-15. B. Krause and T. Bell, "Increasing the Efficiency of Metalform Tooling for Advanced High-Strength Steels", Presented at 2005 Great Designs in Steel, Sponsored by American Iron and Steel Institute.
K-16 Citation: K-16. H. Kim, J. Gu, M. Enloe, and J. P Singh, “Evaluations of Edge Formability for DP780 Materials from Different Suppliers,” Presented at the International Deep Drawing Research Group (IDDRG) conference, 2020.
K-17 Citation: K-17. S. Keller, W. Hotz, and H. Friebe, “Yield curve determination using the bulge test combined with optical measurements,” International Deep Drawing Research Group (IDDRG) Conference, 2009, pp. 319- 330.
K-18 Citation: K-18. H. Karbasian and A. E. Tekkaya, "A review on hot stamping," Journal of Materials Processing Technology, vol. 210, pp. 2103 - 2118, 2010, doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2010.07.019.
K-19 Citation: K-19. H. Kim, T. Altan and Q. Yan, “Evaluation of stamping lubricants in forming advanced high strength steels (AHSS) using deep drawing and ironing tests,” Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Volume 209, Issue 8, 21 April 2009, Pages 4122-4133, doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2008.10.007.
K-20 Citation: K-20. T. Kurz, "New Developments in Zinc Coated Steel for Press Hardening," Presented at Insight Edition Conference, September 20-21, Gothenburg, Sweden, 2011.
K-21 Citation: K-21. T. Kurz, G. Luckeneder, T. Manzenreiter, H. Schwinghammer and A. Sommer, "Zinc Coated Press-Hardening Steel - Challenges and Solutions," SAE Technical Paper 2015-01-0565, 2015.
K-22 Citation: K-22. T. Kurz, P. Larour, J. Lackner, T. Steck and G. Jesner, "Press-hardening of zinc coated steel - characterization of a new material for a new process," IDDRG 2016, IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 159, p. 012025, 2016. doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/159/1/012025.
K-23 Citation: K-23. A. Karlsson, "Process definition of hardened Boron Steel grades in aspect of anticorrosion," Master's Thesis, Luleå University of Technology, Sweden, 2009.
K-24 Citation: K-24. J. Kim, K.-C. Park, and D.N. Kim, “Investigating the fluting defect in v-bending due to the yield-point phenomenon and its reduction via roller-leveling process,” Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol. 270, 2019, Pages 59-81, doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2019.02.016.
K-25 Citation: K-25. G. Kim, "POSCO's Strategy for Steel in Car Body Lightweight Design," Presented at Insight Edition Conference, September 18-19, Neckarsulm, Germany, 2012.
K-26 Citation: K-26. H. Kellermann, "Aluminium hybrid construction in the new Mercedes-Benz C-Class – Interaction between product and process," Presented at Insight Edition Conference, June 24, Bremen, 2015.
K-27 Citation: K-27. H. Kim, "Applications of the Industry 4.0 for Sheet Metal Forming", EWI Forming Center Workshop, October 20-21, 2020, Columbus, Ohio, US, www.EWI.org.
K-28 Citation: K-28. H. Kim, J. C. Gu, and L. Zoller, “Control of the servo-press in stamping considering the variation of the incoming material properties,” Presented at International Deep Drawing Research Group – 2019, IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 651 (2019) 012062, doi:10.1088/1757-899X/651/1/012062.
K-29 Citation: K-29. H. Kim and M. Selent, "Application of the real-time visual monitoring tool in stamping", Presented at FABTECH - 2019, www.fabtechexpo.com.
K-30 Citation: K-30. K. Kawamoto, H. Ando, and K. Yamamichi, “Application of servo presses to metal forming processes,” Procedia Manufacturing, Volume 15, 2018, Pages 31-38, doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2018.07.166.
K-31 Citation: K-31. B.S. Kang, B.-M. Son, and J. Kim, “A comparative study of stamping and hydroforming processes for an automobile fuel tank using FEM,” International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, Volume 44, Issue 1, January 2004, Pages 87-94, doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2003.08.009;
K-32 Citation: K-32. Y. Kok, X. P. Tan, P. Wang, M. L. S. Nai, N. H. Loh, E. Liu, and S. B. Tor, “Anisotropy and heterogeneity of microstructure and mechanical properties in metal additive manufacturing: A critical review,” Materials & Design, Volume 139, 5 February 2018, Pages 565-586, doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2017.11.021.
K-33 Citation: K-33. K. P. Karunakaran, S. Suryakumar, V. Pushpa, and S. Akula, “Low cost integration of additive and subtractive processes for hybrid layered manufacturing,” Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing, Volume 26, Issue 5, October 2010, Pages 490-499, doi.org/10.1016/j.rcim.2010.03.008.
K-34 Citation: K-34. S.M. Kelly and S.L. Kampe, “Microstructural evolution in laser-deposited multilayer Ti-6Al-4V builds: Part II. Thermal modeling,” Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, vol. 35, no. 6, 2004, pp. 1869–1879, doi.org/10.1007/s11661-004-0095-7.
K-35 Citation: K-35. S. Kaar, D. Krizan, R. Schneider, C. Béal and C. Sommitsch, “Effect of Manganese on the Structure-Properties Relationship of Cold Rolled AHSS Treated by a Quenching and Partitioning Process,” Metals, Vol 9, No. 10:1122, 2019, doi.org/10.3390/met9101122.
K-36 Citation: K-36. G. Kögel, " VW setzt Maßstäbe bei der Warmumformung von Blechen. Weltmeister im Formhärten" (VW sets standards in the hot forming of sheet metal. World champion in form hardening) (in German), Blech-Sonderdruck, Issue 5, NC Verlag, 2006, p. 20-23, ISSN: 0942-9751
K-37 Citation: K-37. A. Kröning, "Lightweight solutions for body applications," Presented at Insight Edition Conference, September 20-21, Gothenburg, Sweden, 2011.
K-38 Citation: K-38. N. Koreishi and T. Hioki, "Vehicle Development for the Application of Laser Screw Welding," Presented at Joining in Car Body Engineering, April 5, Bad Nauheim, Germany, 2017.
K-39 Citation: K-39. K. Kimura, T. Kawasaki, T. Ohmura, Y. Atsumi and K. Shimizu, "Development of New Fuel Cell Vehicle: Clarity Fuel Cell," Honda R&D Technical Review Magazine, April 2016, 2016, pp. 1-8.
K-40 Citation: K-40. M. Keller and D. Wagner, "Ford F-150," Presented at EuroCarBody 2015, October 20-22, Bad Nauheim, Germany, 2015.
K-41 Citation: K-41. C. Koroschetz, "Process monitoring and control in state of the art press hardening lines for components with individualized tailored properties ( TemperBox®)," Presented at PMA/Metalforming Magazine Hot Stamping Experience Webinar Series, October 8th, 2020.
K-42 Citation: K-42. S.-K. Kim, G. Kim, and K.-G. Chin, “Development of High Manganese TWIP Steel with 980MPa Tensile Strength,” International Conference on New Developments in Advanced High-Strength Sheet Steels, 2008, Paper PR- 256-024, Page 249.
K-43 Citation: K-43. K. Kahoul and B. Caekaert, “ArcelorMittal Belgium produces 3rd Generation AHSS incl. Q&P on the unique annealing furnace from ANDRITZ Metals,” Presented at the 12th International Conference on Zinc & Zinc Alloy Coated Steel Sheet – GALVATECH 2021, June 2021.
K-44 Citation: K-44. T. Kondo and K. Ishiuchi, “1.2GPa Advanced High Strength Steel with High Formability,” SAE Technical Paper 2014-01-0991, 2014, doi.org/10.4271/2014-01-0991.
K-45 Citation: K-45. T. Kondo, “The highest strength (1.5GPa) steel application for cold stamping parts” presented at Materials in Car Body Engineering 2021, June 9, 2021.
K-46 Citation: K-46. H. Kong, Q. Chao, B. Rolfe, and H. Beladi, “One-step quenching and partitioning treatment of a tailor welded blank of boron and TRIP steels for automotive applications,” Materials & Design, Volume 174, 2019, 107799, doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2019.107799.
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K-50 Citation: K-50. Courtesy of Jaehyun Kim, Ph.D., Materials Forming Research Group, Steel Solution Research Lab, POSCO.
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K-57 Citation: K-57. Courtesy of T. Kondo, Nissan Motor Co., Ltd.
K-58 Citation K-58. Dongun Kim, POSCO, “Roll Stamping Technology for Automotive Gigasteel,” Presented at EWI Forming Center Advanced Sheet Metal Forming Technology Workshop on November 9th and 10th, 2021
K-59 Citation K-59. Kia EV9 Reshapes SUV User Experience with Superior Design and Technology, Press Release, March 29, 2023, Available from https://www.kianewscenter.com/vehicles/ev9
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L-75 Citations: L-75. Patrick Larour, Wolfgang Lumetzberger and Leopold Wagner, “Analysis of experimental scattering sources in local ductility measurement from flat tensile test sample fracture surfaces,” IDDRG 2025, MATEC Web of Conferences 408, 01082 (2025); https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202540801082.
L-76 Citations: L-76. Zihe LIU, Xiaoguang YANG, Weichen MAO, Xinyan JIN, Li WANG, Xue ZHANG, and Ying LI, “Influence of Al addition on the grain boundary oxidation of ultra high strength steels during hot coiling,” Corrosion Science, Volume 211, February 2023, 110863; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2022.110863
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W-29 Citation: W-29. C. Weller, R. Kleer, and F.T. Piller, “Economic implications of 3D printing: market structure models in light of additive manufacturing revisited", International Journal of Production Economics, Volume 164, June 2015, Pages 43-56, doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2015.02.020
W-30 Citation: W-30. Z. Wang, Y. Zhang, B. Zhu, Y. Wang, H. Ding and M. Cai, "Hot stamped parts with desirable properties in medium Mn TRIP steels", Procedia Engineering, vol. 207, pp. 699-704, 2017, doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.10.1044.
W-31 Citation: W-31. P. Weigert, "Challenges in mass production of press hardened components focusing CO2 reduction", Presented at Insight Edition Conference, Gothenburg, Sweden, September 21st, 2011.
W-32 Citation: W-32. C. Y. Wang, J. Yang, Y. Chang, W. Q. Cao and H. Dong, "先进高强度汽车钢的发展趋势与挑战 (Development Trends and Challenges of Advanced High Strength Automobile Steels)," 钢铁 (Iron and Steel), vol. 54, pp. 1-6, February 2019, doi.org/10.13228/j.boyuan.issn0449-749x.20180284.
W-33 Citation: W-33. Wuhan Economic and Technological Development Zone, "Dongfeng moves up-market in electric vehicle segment", November 11, 2020.
W-34 Citation: W-34. M. Windmann, A. Röttger and W. Theisen, "Formation of intermetallic phases in Al-coated hot-stamped 22MnB5 sheets in terms of coating thickness and Si content", Surface and Coatings Technology, vol. 246, pp. 17-25, 2014, doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2014.02.056.
W-35 Citation: W-35. L. Wang and J.G. Speer, “Quenching and Partitioning Steel Heat Treatment”, Metallography, Microstructure, and Analysis, Volume 2, pages, 268–281, 2013, doi.org/10.1007/s13632-013-0082-8.
W-36 Citation: W-36. Z. Wang, Z.C. Luo, and M.X. Huang, “Revealing hydrogen-induced delayed fracture in ferrite-containing quenching and partitioning steels”, Materialia 4, 2018, 260–267, doi.org/10.1016/j.mtla.2018.09.022.
W-37 Citation: W-37. L. Wang, J. Bian, J. Wang, and Y. Ye, “Development and Application of New Generation AHSS Based on Q&P Process", Materials in Car Body Engineering 2019, Bad Nauheim, Germany.
W-38 Citation: W-38. P. Wung, “A force-based failure criterion for spot weld design", Experimental Mechanics, 2001, Vol. 41, No. 1, pp. 107-113, DOI:10.1007/BF02323112.
W-39 Citation W-39. WorldAutoSteel, (2013) “Steel Eliminates the Weight Gap with Aluminium for Car Bodies,” Available from https://www.worldautosteel.org/projects/future-steel-vehicle/steel-eliminates-the-weight-gap-with-aluminium-for-car-bodies/
W-40 WorldAutoSteel/UCSB Automotive Energy & GHG Model v5.1, Available at https://www.worldautosteel.org/life-cycle-thinking/automotive-ghg-model/
W-41 Citations: W-41. Z.Wang, X. Guo, H. Ding, Y. Zhang and C. Xiang, "Research on Hot Stamping-Carbon Partition-Intercritical Annealing Process of Medium Manganese Steel," Materials, vol. 16, 2023; http://doi.org/10.3390/ma16020576
W-42 Citations: W-42. H. Wang, F. Yan and Z. Chang, "A Hot-Stamped Medium-Mn Steel with Superior Strength–Ductility–Bendability Combination and Thin Oxidation Layer," steel research international, vol. 95, p. 2300553, 2024.; http://doi.org/10.1002/srin.202300553;
W-43 Citations: W-43. S. Winter, M. Werner, R. Haase, V. Psyk, S. Fritsch, M. Böhme and M. F. X. Wagner, "Processing Q&P steels by hot-metal gas forming: Influence of local cooling rates on the properties and microstructure of a 3rd generation AHSS," Journal of Materials Processing Technology, vol. 293, p. 117070, 2021. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2021.117070
W-44 Citations: W-44. Y. Wu, A. Luo, and C. Wang, "Experimental research and application of cold cutting to hot stamping parts based on multiphase microstructure," Baosteel Technical Research, Volume 17, Number 3, September 2023, Page 1; https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1674-3458.2023.03.001
W-45 Citations: W-45. A. Wikman, K. Amundsson and M. Andersson, "The All New EX90," in EuroCarBody 2023, 25th Global Car Body Benchmarking Conference, Bad Nauheim, Germany, October 17–19, 2023.
W-46 Citations: W-46. N. Winzer, T. Schaffner, V. Kokotin, and R. Thiessen, “The Role of Hydrogen in Edge Cracking of Hot-Dip Galvanized AHSS Sheets,” Fourth International Conference on Metals & Hydrogen, Ghent: Belgium, October 2022; https://2022proc.steelyhydrogen.be/articles/the-role-of-hydrogen-in-edge-cracking-of-hot-dip-galvanized-ahss-sheets/15

X

X-1 Citation: X-1. Y. Xu, Y. Gong, H. Du, W. Ding, B. Zhu, X. Jin, Y. Zhang, and L. Wang, “A newly-designed hot stamping plus non-isothermal Q&P process to improve mechanical properties of commercial QP980 steel", International Journal of Lightweight Materials and Manufacture, Volume 3, Issue 1, 2020, Pages 26-35, doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlmm.2019.11.003.
X-2 Citation X-2. Jiang Xiaohei, “Li Auto’s L8 Pro Surpasses L9 as Top Safety-Tested SUV: Discover the Ultimate Driving Protection, “ May 8, 2023, 42HOW.com. Available from https://en.42how.com/2023/05/08/li-autos-l8-pro-surpasses-l9-as-top-safety-tested-suv-discover-the-ultimate-driving-protection/
X-3 Citations: X-3. Xianxiu Xin, “Development of forming process and mold for hot stamping integrated door ring,” in Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Advanced High Strength Steel and Press Hardening (ICHSU 2024), Atlantis Press, 2024, pp. 56-62; https://www.atlantis-press.com/proceedings/ichsu-24
X-4 Citations: X-4. D. Xu, L. Shi, and H. Xiao, "Mechanism investigation and strategies for reducing residual stress at open ends of the roll-formed part," Baosteel Technical Research, Volume 17, Number 3, September 2023, Page 25; Available from doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1674-3458.2023.03.004
X-5 Citations: X-5. P. Xue, X. Zhu, and W.Li, "Effect of prestrain and baking on the secondary deformation properties of cold-rolled ultra-high-strength steel sheets," Baosteel Technical Research, Volume 14, Number 2, June 2020, Page 35.

Y

Y-1 Citation: Y-1. B. Yan, “High Strain Rate Behavior of Advanced High-Strength Steels for Automotive Applications,” Presented at 2003 Great Designs in Steel, Sponsored by American Iron and Steel Institute.
Y-2 Citation: Y-2. K. Yoshida, “Handbook of Ease or Difficulty in Press Forming", Translated by J. Bukacek and edited by S-D Liu, 1987.
Y-4 Citation: Y-4. M. Yasuyama, K. Ogawa, and T. Taka, “Spot welding of aluminium and steel sheet with an insert of aluminium clad steel sheet: Dissimilar metal joining of aluminium and steel sheet (1st Report)”, Weld. Int., Vol. 10, No. 12, pp. 963–970, 1996, doi.org/10.1080/09507119609549121.
Y-5 Citation: Y-5. J.I. Yoon, J. Jung, J.G. Kim, S.S. Sohn, S. Lee and H.S. Kim, “Key factors of stretch-flangeability of sheet materials,” Journal of Materials Science, 2017, 52 (13), doi.org/10.1007/s10853-017-1012-y
Y-6 Citation: Y-6. D. Young, T. Mulholland, and M. Klein, “Investigation of Tooling Durability for Advanced High-Strength Steel", Presented at 2009 Great Designs in Steel, Sponsored by American Iron and Steel Institute.
Y-7 Citation: Y-7. F. Yoshida and T. Uemori, “A model of large-strain cyclic plasticity and its application to springback simulation", International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, Volume 45, Issue 10, October 2003, Pages 1687-1702, doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2003.10.013; https://2024.sci-hub.se/855/46d7419903a60c4b7441ef4095dbbd67/yoshida2003.pdf.
Y-8 Citation: Y-8. F. Yoshida and T. Uemori, “A model of large-strain cyclic plasticity describing the Bauschinger effect and work hardening stagnation", International Journal of Plasticity, Volume 18, Issues 5–6, October 2002, Pages 661-686, doi.org/10.1016/S0749-6419(01)00050-X.
Y-9 Citation: Y-9. W. Yu, R. A. LaBoube, H. Chen, “Cold-Formed Steel Design”, 2019, ISBN: 978-1-119-48741-8.
Y-10 Citation: Y-10. J.R. Yeh, T.L. Summe and D.C. Seksaria, “The Development of an Aluminum Failure Model for Crashworthiness Design", in 8th Symposium on Crashworthiness, Occupant Protection and Biomechanics in Transportation Systems, Applied Mechanics Division 237, BED 45, ASME, New York, 1999, ISBN 0791816559.
Y-11 Citation: Y-11. B. Yan and D. Urban, “Characterization of Fatigue and Crash Performance of New Generation High Strength Steels for Automotive Applications", April 2003, AISI/DOE Technology Roadmap Program Final Report, Work Performed under Cooperative Agreement No. DE-FC07-97ID13554.
Y-12 Citation: Y-12. M. Yang, "Product offer and characteristics of VAMA hot stamping steel", VAMA Presentation on October 24, 2018, Changchun, China.
Y-13 Citation: Y-13. D.Y. Yang, M. Bambach, J. Cao, J.R. Duflou, P. Groche, T. Kuboki, A. Sterzing, A.E. Tekkaya, and C.W. Lee, “Flexibility in metal forming", CIRP Annals, Volume 67, Issue 2, 2018, Pages 743-765, doi.org/10.1016/j.cirp.2018.05.004.
Y-14 Miao Yu, “Cleveland-Cliffs Battery Enclosure (CCBE),” Great Designs in Steel-2024, American Iron and Steel Institute; Available from https://www.steel.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/11.00_Miao-Yu_Cleveland-Cliffs-Battery-Enclosure.pdf
Y-15 Citation Y-15. Yang Tae Hoon, “Myoung Shin to start Texas factory to meet Tesla demand,” 2021.12.09, Thelec.net. Available from https://thelec.net/news/articleView.html?idxno=3667
Y-16 Citations: Y-16. T. Yasutomi, R. Nishimura, S. Yonemura, M. Nakata, T. Yoshida, and M. Mizumura, “Shearing Technology for High-tensile-strength Steel,” Nippon Steel Technical Report, No.122 (2019), pp.28-34; https://www.nipponsteel.com/en/tech/report/pdf/122-06.pdf

Z

Z-1 Citation: Z-1. W. Zhang, A. Chergue and C Valentin Nielsen, “Process Simulation of Resistance Weld Bonding and Automotive Light-weight Materials", 7^th International Seminar on Advances in Resistance Welding, 2012.
Z-2 Citation: Z-2. W. H. Zhang, X. M. Qiu, D. Q. Sun, and L. J. Han, “Effects of resistance spot welding parameters on microstructures and mechanical properties of dissimilar material joints of galvanised high strength steel and aluminium alloy,” Sci. Technol. Weld. Join., Vol. 16, No. 2, pp. 153–161, 2011, doi.org/10.1179/1362171810Y.0000000009.
Z-3 Citation: Z-3. W. Zhang, D. Sun, L. Han, W. Gao, and X. Qiu, “Characterization of Intermetallic Compounds in Dissimilar Material Resistance Spot Welded Joint of High Strength Steel and Aluminum Alloy,” ISIJ International. 51. 1870-1877. DOI:10.2355/isijinternational.51.1870.
Z-4 Citation: Z-4. W. Zhang, D. Sun, L. Han, and Y. Li, “Optimised design of electrode morphology for novel dissimilar resistance spot welding of aluminium alloy and galvanised high strength steel,” Mater. Des., Vol. 85, pp. 461–470, 2015, DOI:10.1016/j.matdes.2015.07.025.
Z-5 Citation: Z-5. M. Zoernack, "Competitive Designs With Tailor Rolled Products", Presented at 2018 Great Designs in Steel, Sponsored by American Iron and Steel Institute.
Z-6 Citation Z-6. Steel Institute VDEh, "Zinc-Magnesium-Aluminium coatings for Automotive Industry", 2013.
Z-7 Citation: Z-7. Y. Zhong, "Recent Progress of AHSS in BAOSTEEL," Presented at Driving Steel 2016, December 5-7, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 2016.
Z-8 Citation: Z-8. J. Zhang and H. Spikes, “On the Mechanism of ZDDP Antiwear Film Formation”, Tribol Lett 63, 24, 2016, doi.org/10.1007/s11249-016-0706-7.
Z-9 Citation: Z-9. M. Zoernack, "Solutions for Automotive Efficiency Highlights", Presented in Aachen Karoserietage 2014, September, 23, Aachen, Germany, 2014.
Z-10 Citation: Z-10. X. Zhao, Y. Shen, L. Qiu, X. Sun, and L. Zuo, “Effects of Intercritical Annealing Temperature on Mechanical Properties of Fe-7.9Mn-0.14Si-0.05Al-0.07C Steel”, Materials 2014, 7, 7891-7906; doi.org/10.3390/ma7127891.
Z-11 Citation: Z-11. Yuanjing Zhu, Hui-Ping Wang, Yaqi Wang, Yu Hao, Blair E. Carlson, Fenggui Lu, “Formation mechanism of liquid metal embrittlement in laser lap welding of zinc-coated GEN3 steels”, Materials Science and Engineering: A, Volume 800, 2021, 140229, ISSN 0921-5093, doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2020.140229.
Z-12 Citation: Z-12. X. Zhang, X. Zhu, C. Wang, H. Liu, Y. Zhou, Y. Gai, C. Zhao, G. Zheng, Z. Hang, P. Hu and Z.-D. Ma, "Initial solution estimation for one-step inverse isogeometric analysis in sheet metal stamping," Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, vol. 330, pp. 629-645, 2018 doi.org/10.1016/j.cma.2017.10.018.
Z-13 Citation: Z-13. H. S. Zheng, "Hot Forming Products and Technologies," Presented at Driving Steel 2016, December 5-7, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 2016.
Z-14 Citation: Z-14. M. Zoernack, “New Advancements of Cold Forming TRB® AHSS,” Presented at 2021 Great Designs in Steel, Sponsored by American Iron and Steel Institute.
Z-15 Citation: Z-15. D.J. Zhou, and K. Kannan, “The Effect of Combination Beads on Springback: Experimental Study & Virtual Study", Presented at 2021 Great Designs in Steel, Sponsored by American Iron and Steel Institute.
Z-16 Citations: Z-16. L. Zhang, R. Leonard III, J. Bennett, M. Jarachi, C. Hall, and W. Whittington, "Evaluating High Speed Linescan Extensometer for Dynamic Strain Analysis in Diverse Materials, Part I - Method Introduction," Exp Tech (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40799-025-00834-0
Z-17 Citations: Z-17. J. Zhang, H. Ding, and J. Zhao, “Effect of pre-quenching process on microstructure and mechanical properties in a Nb-microalloyed low carbon Q-P steel,” Materials Science Forum, 2015, vol 816, 729-735; https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.816.729
Z-18 Citations: Z-18. J. Zhang, C, Lian, and F. Han, “Study on the failure behaviour of Advanced High Strength Steel considering stamping history,” IDDRG 2025, MATEC Web of Conferences Volume 408, 01022 (2025); https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202540801022
Z-19 Citations: Z-19. Y. Zhong, L. Wang, and Y. Zhang, "Recent progress in the development and application of the new Gen. AHSS at Baosteel," Baosteel Technical Research, Volume 12, Number 4, December 2018, Page 9; doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1674-3458.2018.04.002
Z-20 Citations: Z-20. X. Zhao, Y. Zhang , C. Shao, W. Hui, and H. Dong, "Thermal stability of retained austenite and mechanical properties of medium-Mn steel during tempering treatment," Journal of Iron and Steel Research International, 2017, 24(8): 830-837; http://www.chinamet.cn/gyby/gtyjxben/EN/Y2017/V24/I8/830
Z-21 Citations: Z-21. I. Zuazo, B. Hallstedt, B. Lindahl, M. Selleby, M. Soler, A. Etienne, A. Perlade, D. Hasenpouth, V. Massardier-Jourdan, S. Cazottes, and X. Kleber, ”Low-Density Steels: Complex Metallurgy for Automotive Applications,” JOM Volume 66, Number 9, 1747–1758 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-014-1084-y
Z-22 Citations: Z-22. Shaoshuang Zhang, Haotian Chen, Renbo Song, “The role of Cr in surface oxidation of hot-dip galvanized steel sheet based on molecular dynamics simulation,” Journal of Materials Research and Technology, Volume 35, pages 1787–1800, 2025; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2025.01.171
Z-23 Citations: Z-23. Ling Zhang, Jianping Lin, Junying Min, You Ye & Liugen Kang, “Formability Evaluation of Sheet Metals Based on Global Strain Distribution,” Journal of Materials Engineering & Performance, Volume 25, pages 2296–2306, (2016); https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11665-016-2054-z]

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